Armor in China is mostly flat-shaped from the Warring States period (481 BC - 221 BC), before animal parts such as rhino skin, skin, and tortoise are used for protection. The Lamellar Armor was equipped with a scale armor ranging from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) to the front, partial plate armor of the Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589), and armor of the Tang post and dynasty (618-907). During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), brigandine began to replace the lamellar armor and used it to a great extent into the Qing dynasty (1644-1912.). In the 19th century, most of the Qing shields, which were a type of brigandine, were purely to be shown, after storing the outer buttons for aesthetic purposes, and removing protective metal plates.
Video Chinese armour
Dinasti Shang (c. 1600 SM-c. 1046 SM)
During the armor of the Shang dynasty consists of chest plates made of seashells tied together. Then the bronze became popular and the bronze helmet appeared. Ordinary people have no protection except a leather-covered bamboo shield.
Maps Chinese armour
The Zhou Dynasty (ca. 1046 BC-256 BC )
Armor in the Zhou dynasty consists of a sleeveless coat of rhinoceros or buffalo leather, or skin scale protector. Helmets are mostly similar to Shang predecessors but less decorative. The chariot horses are sometimes protected by tiger skin.
Country of War (c. 475 BC-221 BC)
In the 4th century BC, rhinoceros armor was still in use. In the following sections, Guan Zhong advised Duke Huan Qi to turn the sentence into armor and weapons:
Determine that serious crimes should be redeemed with rhino and one spear harness, and minor crimes with a woven leather shield and a spear. Evil must be punished by [fine] metal quotas [jin fen ??], and dubious cases should be forgiven. A case should be postponed for investigation for three days without permitting an argument or judgment; [at the time] the case is assessed [the subject will produce] a bundle of arrows. Good metal [mei jin ??] should be thrown into swords and spears [-the head] and tested on dogs and horses, while worse metal [e jin ??] should be thrown into farm equipment and tested on earth.
Iron Metallurgy
However, in the middle of the 4th century BC, lamas, leather, bronze, and iron armor appeared. Lamellar consists of each piece of armor nailed or united to form armor.
In the 3rd century BC, both iron guns and armor became more common. According to Xunzi , "a hard iron spear from Wan? [A town in Chu, near modern Nanyang ?, Henan] is just as cruel as wasps and scorpions." Iron weapons also give the Chinese army the superiority of the barbarians. Han Fei recounted that during the battle with Gonggong ?? The tribes, "iron spears reach the enemy, and those without armor and strong armor are wounded." As a result of the increasing effectiveness of iron and armor weapons, shields and axes are becoming less common. However, crosscurring efficiency surpasses all advances in defensive armor. It is considered a common occurrence in ancient China for ordinary peasants or peasants to kill the master with well-designed arrow bolts, regardless of whatever armor he might wear at the time.
Shun taught the ways of good governance for the next three years, and then took his shield and ax-war and performed a war dance, and Miao was handed over. But in the war with Gonggong, people used iron spears with steel heads that reached the enemy, so unless someone was protected by a strong helmet and armor he might get hurt. Therefore the shield and war ax functioned for ancient times, but no longer serve today. So I say that because circumstances change the ways they deal with them also change.
Armor is mostly restricted to elite guard units and each country distributes armor in their own way. The Chu state sides with elite armored fighting units known for their durability, and can march as far as 160 km 'without rest.' Wei's elite troop capable of walking more than 40 km in one day while wearing heavy armor, large arrows with 50 bolts, helmet, side sword, and three day rations. Those who meet this standard get exemptions from corvettes and taxes for their entire families.
According to Su Qin, the Han state makes the best weapon, capable of splitting the armor, shield, leather boots, and the most powerful helmet. Their soldiers wore iron masks.
Qin calculates the fine in one or two armor armor, the lower crime in the shield, and the lowest in the case of the coin. Qin soldiers sometimes release their armor and engage in quick charges.
Pada akhir abad ke-3 SM setidaknya beberapa penunggang kuda mengenakan armor sejenis.
Dinasti Han (206 SM-220 M)
The Han Dynasty armor is largely the same as the Qin dynasty with little variation. Infants wear crude skin suits, hardened skin, or armor and lamelar iron hats or iron helmets. Some riders wearing armor and carrying shields but large horseshoes did not prove until the end of the 2nd century.
During the late 2nd century BC, the government created a monopoly over iron, which may have caused a decrease in the quality of iron and armor. Bu Shi claims that the resulting product is lower because they are made to meet the quota rather than for practical use. This monopoly as argued in the discourse about Salt and Iron was abolished at the beginning of the 1st century. In 150 AD, Cui Shi made a similar complaint about the problem of quality control in government production because of corruption: "... not long after that the supervisors stopped being concerned, and the wrong people had been promoted by the Imperial decree. and crafty craftsmen cheat them... Iron [ie steel] goes out in vinegar, makes it fragile and easy to... [?] The suit of the armor is too small and not fit. "
Busur komposit dianggap efektif terhadap musuh-musuh yang tidak berlapis baja pada 165 yard, dan melawan musuh-musuh berlapis baja pada jarak 65 yard.
Three Kingdoms (220-280)
In the Three Kingdoms period many cavalry were wearing armor and some horses were equipped with their own armor as well. In one battle, warlord Cao Cao boasted that with only ten sets of horse armor he faced an enemy with three hundred sets. However, the horse armor is only a partial frontal buffer.
Beginning in the 3rd century, references to "dark armor" ( xuan kai or xuan jia ??/??) appeared. This may refer to high quality steel associations with black iron materials.
Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589)
During the period of Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589), a style of armor called "cable and plaque" became popular, as did the shield and long sword. The "Cord and plaque" armor consists of a double breast plate on the front and a back held by two shoulder straps and waist bands, along with the usual lamellar armor. "Wires and placards" wearing statues are also often depicted holding oval or rectangular shields and long swords. This type of armor also seems to be quite different since there is a separate category for light and heavy armor.
In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to Northern Qi the 'co-fusion' steelmaking process, which uses metals with different carbon contents to make steel. Apparently the sword made using this method is able to penetrate 30 lamellae armor. It is not clear whether the armor is of iron or leather.
Huaiwen made a sword [dao?] From 'iron overnight' [su tie ??]. The method is anneal [shao?] Cast iron powder [sheng tie jing ???] with blank [iron] layers [ding ?, possibly thin plate]. After a few days the result is steel [gang?]. Soft iron is used for the spine of the sword, He washes it in the urine of the Five Sacrificial Animals and extinguish it in fat from the Five Sacrificial Animals: [like a sword] can penetrate three lamellae armor [zha?]. 'Blank soft overnight' [Su rou ting ???] thrown today [in Sui period?] By metallurgist Xiangguo ?? representing the remnants of the technique [Qiwu Huaiwen]. The swords they make are still very sharp, but they can not penetrate thirty lamellae.
Wei Utara mempekerjakan suku Erzhu "berpakaian besi" yang berjuang sebagai kavaleri lapis baja.
Dinasti Sui (581-618)
The Sui Dynasty used many heavy cavalry. Both men and horses have many armor.
The History of Sui gives an explanation of the "first cavalry battalion" of 24 dynasty soldiers. They wore armor "brilliant" ( mingguang ) made of dried steel linked by dark green wires, their horses dressed in armor with dark green tufts, and they were distinguished by lion banners. Other battalions are also distinguished by their own colors, patterns, and flags, but there is no armor or bright iron armor mentioned.
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
By the Tang dynasty it was possible for armor to provide immense personal protection. In a sample of Li Shimin's cousin, Li Daoxuan, was able to cut off the entire enemy mob of Xia's army and then cut the way back, repeating the operation several times before the battle was won, at which point he had so many arrows sticking out of his armor that he looked like a " ". The effective range of composite arcs against armored forces in this era is considered to be about 75 to 100 meters.
Infantry armor became more common in the Tang era and approximately 60 percent of active soldiers were equipped with similar armor. Armor can be produced originally or captured as a result of war. For example, 10,000 armor suits were taken during the Goguryeo-Tang War. Armor and mounts, including packing animals, are supplied by the state through state funds, and thus are considered state property. Personal ownership of military equipment such as horse armor, long spears, and crossbows are forbidden. Ownership is considered an intention of rebellion or betrayal. Army staff kept track of armor and weapons with detailed records of the items issued. If a deficiency is found, the appropriate soldiers are ordered to pay compensation. The state also provides clothing and rations for border garrisons and expeditionary troops. Soldiers who are not on active duty are expected to pay for themselves, although "professional" soldiers are given tax exemptions.
Elite cavalry troops Li Shimin are known to have been wearing a distinctive black "iron dress" armor, but heavy cavalry declines when Turkey's influence becomes more prevalent and the light cavalry becomes the dominant mode of auto-war. The Tang expeditions team to Central Asia preferred the mixture of lightweight and heavy Chinese archers. After An Lushan's rebellion in the middle of the 9th century and the disappearance of the north-west pasture to Tibet, the Chinese cavalry was virtually disappearing as a relevant military force. Many southern horses are considered too small or weak to carry armored troops.
Mail has been known by Chinese since the first time they met in 384 AD when their allies in the country of Kuchi arrived wearing "armor similar to a chain". But they did not get a letter suit until 718 AD when Central Asia presented to the Tang emperor the "coat of armor" coat. Letters are never used in significant quantities and the dominant form of armor continues to be lamellar.
Mountain pattern shield
References to armor pattern mounts (Chinese: ??? ; pinyin: sh? NwÃÆ' Â © nk ? I ) appear as early as the Tang dynasty, but the historical text does not provide any explanation or diagram of how it actually works. There are also no survival examples. Everything that is known about mountain pattern arises from paintings and sculptures, usually from the Song and Ming periods. This is not unique to China and has been found in depictions in Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and even Thailand, but non-religious depictions are limited to China, Korea and Vietnam. The reconstruction projects of this type of armor largely failed to produce good results.
The current theory is that this type of armor is made of many small pieces of iron or steel shaped like Chinese characters for the word "mountain" (?). The pieces are interlocked and fixed on the fabric or the skin layer. It covers the torso, shoulders and thighs while remaining comfortable and flexible enough to allow movement. Also during this time, senior Chinese officers used a mirror protector (Chinese: ??? ; pinyin: hÃÆ'¹x? njÃÆ'¬ng ) to protect important body parts, while cloth, leather, lamellar, and/or mountain pattern protectors are used for other body parts. This whole design is called "shining armor" (Chinese: span lang = "zh-hans"> ??? ; pinyin: mÃÆ'nggu? ? ).
There is an alternative theory that armor mounting patterns are merely the result of very stylistic depictions of letter armor, but the depiction of a suit is known in Chinese art as incompatible with mountain pattern armor as well.
Paper armor
During the war between Zhou Then and Southern Tang, civilians on the Tang side formed the "White Armor Army", named after the white paper armor they wore. The Tang civil forces experienced some success in expelling small army of Zhou troops but avoiding confrontation with the larger army. White Armor militia troops were later revived to fight the Song dynasty, but they were ineffective and dissolved.
Later, the Ming texts provide a description of the paper protector. One version is made of silk paper and functioned as a gambeson, worn under other armor or by itself. Silk paper can also be used for arm guards. Other versions use thicker, more flexible paper, gently hammered, and fastened with buttons. It is said that this type of paper armor performs better when immersed in water.
Paper armor was still used by the Hui people in Yunnan at the end of the 19th century. Thinning to thirty-sixty sheets of leather paper protector other than silk and cotton are regarded as good enough protection against gun balls and bayonets, which are trapped in layers of paper, but do not load rifles with tears at close range.
Liao_dynasty_.28907.E2.80.931125.29 "> Liao Liao (907-1125)
The Khitan nation of the Liao dynasty used heavy armored cavalry as the core of their army. In battle they arranged a light cavalry in front and two armored cavalry layers in the back. Even the collectors were given armor.
Song dynasty (960-1279)
During the Song dynasty (960-1279) it became fashionable to make warts on pieces of armor to mimic cold wrought steel, a product normally produced by non-Han people in modern Qinghai. Warts made from cold work are actually higher carbon spots in the original steel, so aesthetic warts on non-cold wrought steel are useless. According to Shen Kuo, armor made of cold wrought steel was impenetrable by arrows fired at a distance of 50 steps. Even if the arrow hits the drill hole, the arrow head is destroyed. However the crossbow is still valuable because of their ability to penetrate heavy armor.
The History of Song notes that Song "instruments of war are very effective, never seen before," and "their weapons and armor are very good", but "their forces are not always effective."
Western Xia (1038-1227)
Xia West uses a little heavy cavalry, where it has 3,000 at its peak.
Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)
Jurchen has a reputation for making high-quality armor and weapons. Both metal and plated armor were worn by Jurchen. Jurchen troops are organized in units of one thousand and one hundred. Each one consists of twenty-five social and economic units called punian . Each pagan should have 20 men equipped with armor and spears or halberds. These 20 people formed a standard two rankings of five deep battle formations while others form three ranking archers.
In 1232, Jurchen used a cast iron bomb against the Mongols in the Kaifeng siege. The History of Jin states that the fire created by the explosion can penetrate even the iron armor. The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) The Yuan Dynasty >
According to Meng Hong, the reason for the Mongols' success is that they have more iron than the previous pasture people.
The Mongol Armor was able to stop the arrows due to its thickness. The Song Commander's solution was to assign smaller arrows capable of entering the Mongol armor's eye gap, meaning they also wore protective faces.
According to Thomas Archdeacon, Mongol arrows were able to penetrate all types of armor that were known at the time, but their leather armor could withstand their enemy's arrows. But he also mentioned that the Mongols were afraid of the bow.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
During the Ming dynasty, most of the soldiers did not wear armor, which was reserved for officers and a few hundred thousand strong soldiers. Armor horses are only used for a small part of the cavalry, which is a small part of the Ming troops.
Brigandine armor was introduced in the Ming era and consisted of cloth-coated plates.
Although armor never lost all meaning during the Ming dynasty, it became less and less important as firearm powers became apparent. It was already recognized by the early Ming artistic officer, Jiao Yu, that the weapon "was found to behave like a flying dragon, able to penetrate the armor layer." A fully armed army can and is killed by a weapon. Ming Marshall Cai is one such victim. An enemy report stated, "Our troops used fire tubes to shoot and drop them, and the large army quickly picked them up and brought them back to their strongholds." It is possible that the Chinese armor had some success in blocking the gun balls later in the Ming dynasty. According to Japan, during the Battle of Jiksan, the Chinese wore armor and used a shield that was at least partly bulletproof. Frederick Coyett then described the Ming lamellar armor as a complete refuge of "small arms", although this is sometimes mistranslated as "rifle bullets". English literature in the early 19th century also mentions a Chinese rattan shield that is "almost musket proof", but another English source in the late 19th century stated that they did nothing to protect their users during the advance of the Muslim camp, they are all always shot to death.
Some people armed with bows and arrows hanging from their backs; others have nothing that holds a shield on the left arm and a good sword in the right hand; while many use both strong sword-fighting hands to stick to a man's half-length stick. Everyone is protected at the top of the body with a layer of iron scales, fitting under each other like a roof board; arms and legs are left naked. It provides complete protection from bullet rifles (incorrect translation - should be read "small gun") and leaves enough freedom to move, because the coat only reaches the knee and is very flexible in all joints. The archers formed Koxinga's best army, and much depended on them, because even from a distance they tried to handle their weapons so adeptly that they almost surpassed the rifle. Shield carrier is used instead of cavalry. Every one of them is a leader, who takes over, and oppresses his people, to force himself into the enemy's ranks. With their crooked heads and their bodies hidden beneath the shield, they try to break through the ranks of the opponent with their incomparable anger and courage as if each one still has the remaining spare bodies at home. They are constantly pressing, although many are shot down; did not stop to consider, but ran forward like a mad dog, did not even look around to see if they were followed by their peers or not. People with swordsticks - called soapknives by the Dutch - make the same service with our lancers in preventing all those who penetrate the enemy, and in this way form a perfect sequence in the line; but when the enemy has been thrown into chaos, the Sword-bearers follow this with a frightening massacre among the fugitives.
Rocket handlers often wear heavy armor for extra protection so they can shoot from close range.
Qing Dynasty (1636-1912)
In the 17th century Qing army was equipped with lamellar armor and brigandine.
During the 18th century, Emperor Qianlong said, "Our old Manchu habits respect the truth and respect the justice, young and old, nobody is ashamed to fight for them, but after enjoying a long period of peace, inevitably, people want to avoid armor and join the ranks of war. "
In the 19th century, most of the Qing shields were purely for the show. They store buttons outside the brigandine armor for aesthetic purposes but remove the protective iron plates. According to one English source at the end of the nineteenth century, only the guardian of the emperor's direct body was wearing any armor, and this guard was all the nobility of the imperial family.
Armor Gallery
Shield gallery
See also
- Chinese sword and polearma
- Japanese Armor
- Korean armor
- Mongolian Armor
- Tibetan armor
References
- The work quoted
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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