Jewelry (English English) or jewelry (American English) consists of small decorative items worn for personal jewelry, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks. Jewelry may be attached to the body or clothing, and the term is limited to durable ornaments, excluding flowers for example. For centuries, metal, often combined with gems, has become a normal material for jewelry, but other materials such as shellfish and other plant materials can be used. It is one of the oldest types of archaeological artifacts - with 100,000 year-old beads made of Nassarius skin that is considered the oldest known jewelry. The basic form of jewelry varies between cultures but is often very long-lived; in European culture, the most common form of jewelry listed above has survived since ancient times, while other forms such as jewelry for nose or ankle, important in other cultures, are much more common.
Jewelry can be made from various materials. Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metal, beads, and shells have been widely used, and email is often important. In most cultures jewelry can be understood as a status symbol, for its material properties, patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewelry has been made to decorate almost every part of the body, from hair clips to toe rings, and even genital jewelry. The pattern of wearing jewelry between the sexes, and by children and parents can vary greatly among cultures, but adult women are the most consistent jewelers; in modern European cultures the amount used by adult males is relatively low compared to other cultures and other periods in European culture.
The word jewelery itself comes from the word gem , which is translated from the Old French " jouel ", and moreover, to the Latin word " jocale ", meaning toy. In English English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Hiberno-English, Australian English, and South African English spelled jewelry, while spelling is Video Jewellery
Forms and functions
Humans have been using jewelry for a number of different reasons:
- works, generally for fixing clothes or hair in place
- as a marker of social status and personal status, such as a wedding ring
- as a marker of some form of affiliation, whether ethnic, religious or social
- to provide fetish protection (in the form of a fetish)
- as an artistic look
- as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning - like love, mourning, or even luck
Most cultures at some point have had the practice of storing large amounts of wealth stored in jewelry. Many cultures keep dowry in the form of jewelry or jewelry as a means of storing or displaying coins. Or, jewelry has been used as a currency or a good trade; for example is the use of slave beads.
Many jewelry items, such as brooches and buckles, originate as purely functional goods, but evolve into decorative items as their functional requirements diminish.
Jewelry can also symbolize group membership (as in this case, Christian cross or Jewish Star of David) or status (as in the case of office chains, or practices of married people wearing wedding rings).
Wearing talismans and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures. This may take the form of symbols (such as ankh), rocks, plants, animals, body parts (like Khamsa), or glyphs (like the styled version of the Verse's Throne in Islamic art).
Maps Jewellery
Materials and methods
In creating jewelry, gems, coins, or other valuables are often used, and they are usually set to be precious metals. Alloys of almost every known metal have been found in jewelry. Bronze, for example, was common in Roman times. Good modern jewelry usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, or silver. Most contemporary gold jewelry made of gold alloy, the purity stated in the karats, is indicated by the number followed by the letter K . American gold jewelry must have at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (although in the UK the amount is 9K (pure gold 37.5%) and is usually found up to 18K (75% pure gold).The higher purity level is less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) are considered too soft for jewelry use in America and Europe.However, this high purity alloy is widely used in Asia, Central Eastern and African Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The rats used in jewelry are usually sterling silver, or fine silver 92.5%.In costume jewelry, sometimes used.
Other commonly used materials include glass, such as glass or united enamel; wood, often carved or reversed; shells and other natural animal substances such as bones and ivory; natural clay; polymer clay; Hemps and other twins have been used also to create jewelry that has more natural nuances. However, any lead or lead stitching will give the English Assay office (the building that gives Britain its seal of approval Hallmark) the right to destroy it, but it is rare for the testing office to do so.
Beads are often used in jewelry. It can be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood, shell, clay and polymer clay. Jewelry beads generally include necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts and rings. Beads may be large or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads, these are the beads that are used for the bead "beaded" bead style. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique in which seed beads are stitched into fabric backing to create large collar necklines and beaded bracelets. Embroidery beads, a type of popular handwork during the Victorian era, enjoyed a revival in the manufacture of modern jewelry. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many North African cultures and native Americans.
Silver, gold, and short methods include forging, casting, soldering or welding, cutting, engraving and "cold-joining" (using adhesives, staples and rivets to assemble parts).
Diamonds
Diamonds were first mined in India. Pliny may have mentioned it, though there is some debate about the nature of the rock he calls Adamad ; In 2005, Australia, Botswana, Russia, and Canada were ranked among the major sources of gem production. There are negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas. The diamonds that were mined during the recent civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and other countries have been labeled as blood diamonds when they were mined in war zones and sold to finance the insurgency.
The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan diamond, part of the largest diamond-quality gemstone ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).
Now popular in engagement rings, this use comes from the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477.
Other gemstones
Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewelry. Among others are:
- Amber
- Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is made up of tree resins that have hardened over time. The stone must be at least a million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can reach up to 120 million years.
- Amethyst
- Amethyst has historically been the most valuable gemstone in the quartz family. This is very valuable for the purple color, which can range in tones from light to dark.
- Emerald
- Emerald is one of three precious gems (along with rubies and sapphires) and is known for its green to bluish green color. They have been valuable throughout history, and some historians have reported that the Egyptians mined emeralds as early as 3500 BC.
- Jade
- Jade is most often associated with green but can come in a number of other colors as well. Jade is closely related to Asian culture, history, and traditions, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven.
- Jasper
- Jasper is a gemstone from a family of calconeons that comes in different colors. Often, jasper will feature a unique and interesting pattern inside the colored stone. The jasper image is a type of jasper known for its color (often beiges and browns) and spins in a rock pattern.
- Quartz
- Quartz refers to the family of crystal gemstones with different colors and sizes. Among the famous quartz species are quartz roses (which have a fine pink color), and smoky quartz (which comes in various translucent brown shades). A number of other gemstones, such as Amethyst and Citrine, are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular quartz type that contains inclusions such as needles.
- Ruby
- Rubi is known for its intense red color and is one of the most precious gems. Rubies have been valuable for thousands of years. In Sanskrit, the word for ruby ​​is ratnaraj , which means the precious stone king .
- Sapphire
- The most popular form of sapphire is the blue sapphire, known for its medium to blue color and strong saturation. Fancy sapphire various colors are also available. In the United States, blue sapphires tend to be the most popular and most affordable of the three glorious gems (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).
- Turquoise
- Turquoise is found only in some places on earth, and the largest turquoise producing region in the world is the southwestern United States. Turquoise is valuable because of its attractive color, most often intense blue or turquoise blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a variety of styles of jewelry. This is probably most closely related to Southwest and Native American jewelry, but is also used in many sleek modern styles. Some turquoise contains a dark brown sign matrix, which provides an interesting contrast with the bright blue color of the gemstone.
Some gems (like pearls, corals, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally made up of and derived from minerals.
Some gems, for example, amethysts, have become less valued because the methods of extracting and importing them have evolved. Some artificial gems can serve as natural gems, such as cubic zirconia, which can be used instead of diamonds.
Finished metal
For platinum, gold, and silver jewelry, there are many techniques for making solutions. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed and hammered. Highly polished jewelry is the most common and gives a very reflective and glossy look on the metal. Satin, or matte reduce luster and reflection of jewelry, and this is usually used to highlight gemstones like diamonds. Brushed finishes give textured display jewelry and are made by combing materials (resembling sandpaper) against metal, leaving "brush brush". Smooth finishing is usually made using a round steel hammer and hammering the jewelry to give it a bumpy texture.
Some jewelry is plated to give a shiny and reflective look or to achieve the desired color. Sterling silver jewelry can be coated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or can be coated with rhodium or gold. Basic metallic imitation jewelry can also be coated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish.
Impact on people
Jewelry has been used to show status. In ancient Rome, only a certain rank could wear a ring; then, luxury laws determine who can wear what kind of jewelry. It is also based on the rank of its citizens at that time. Cultural dictation also plays an important role. For example, the use of earrings by Western men is considered a sissy in the 19th century and early 20th century. Recently, the body jewelry look, such as piercings, has become a sign of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage in some groups but completely rejected in others. Likewise, hip hop culture has popularized the term bling-bling slang, which refers to the glaring display of jewelry by men or women.
In contrast, the jewelry industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularize wedding rings for men, who were caught, as well as engagement rings for men, who did not, go too far to create fake history and claim that the practice has medieval roots. In the mid-1940s, 85% of US marriages featured a double ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. Religion also plays a role in the influence of society. Islam, for example, considers the use of gold by men as social taboos, and many religions have fatwas against excessive appearances. In Christianity, the New Testament gives command to the use of gold, in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter. In Revelation 17, the "great whore" or false religious system, described as "adorned with gold and gems and pearls, has a golden bowl in his hand." (Rev. 17: 4) For Muslims it is considered unlawful for a man to wear gold.
History
The history of jewelry is long and lasts for years, with many different uses among different cultures. It has survived for thousands of years and has provided insight into how ancient cultures work.
Prehistoric
The earliest known jewelry was actually created not by humans (Homo Sapiens) but by Neanderthals living in Europe. In particular, the hollow beads made of small sea shells have been discovered since 115,000 years ago in Cueva de los Aviones, a cave along the southeastern coast of Spain. Later in Kenya, in Enkapune Ya Muto, the beads made from hollow ostrich egg shells were more than 40,000 years ago. In Russia, stone bracelets and marble rings are associated with the same age.
Later, early modern Europeans had rough necklaces and bracelets of bones, teeth, fruits, and stones hanging on pieces of ropes or animal muscles, or pieces of carved bones used to secure clothing together. In some cases, jewelry has a shell or piece of pearl mother. A carved-in pendant (Star Carr Pendant), which is about 11,000 BC, and considered the oldest Mesolitic art in England, was found on the Star Carr website in North Yorkshire in 2015. In southern Russia, an engraved bracelet made of mammoth ivory has found. Venus of Hohle Fels has a perforation at the top, indicating that it is intended to be worn as a pendant.
About seven thousand years ago, the first sign of copper jewelry was seen. In October 2012 the Museum of Ancient History in Lower Austria reveals that they have discovered the graves of female jewelry workers - forcing archaeologists to see fresh prehistoric gender roles after seeming to be fine female metal workers - a profession previously thought to be exclusively performed by men.
Egypt
The first signs of jewelry making established in Ancient Egypt were about 3,000-5000 years ago. Egyptians prefer the luxury, scarcity, and ability of gold on other metals. In Egyptian Predynastic jewelry soon began to symbolize the political and religious forces in society. Although it was worn by the rich Egyptians in life, it was also used by them in death, with ornaments commonly placed among grave goods.
In conjunction with gold jewelry, Egyptians use colored glass, along with semi-precious gems. The color of jewelry has a meaning. Green, for example, symbolizes fertility. Lapis lazuli and silver must be imported from outside the state border.
Egyptian design is most common in Phoenician jewelry. Also, the ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewelry show that trade between the Middle East and Europe is not uncommon. Women wear elaborate pieces of gold and silver used in ceremonies.
Europe and Middle East
Mesopotamia
About 5,000 years ago, jewelry making has become a significant craft in the cities of Mesopotamia. The most important archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur, where hundreds of burials on 2900-2300 BC were found; tombs such as Puabi contain many artifacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as the lazuli crown embellished with gold sculptures, fitting collar necklaces, and diamond-headed pins. In Assyria, men and women wear large amounts of jewelry, including amulets, anklets, thick multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder seals.
Jewelry in Mesopotamia tends to be made of thin metal leaves and is formed with a large number of brightly colored stones (especially agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper). Preferred forms include leaves, spirals, cones, and grape bunches. Jewelry was created both for human use and to decorate statues and idols. They use a variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as cloisonnà ©, engraving, fine granulation, and filigri.
The extensive and carefully recorded records pertaining to trade and jewelry manufacture have also been excavated throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites. One note in the royal archives of Mari, for example, gives the composition of various jewelry items:
- 1 flat-necked beaded necklace including: 34 flat-beaded plain beads, [and] 35 gold-plated beads, in a group of five.
- 1 flat-collared beaded necklace includes: 39 flat-pointed plain calcites, with 41 pieces flanked in groups that make up the hanging device.
- 1 necklaces with lapis lazuli round beads include: 28 round lapular lazuli, [and] 29 beaded beads for the buckle.
Greece
The Greeks began to use gold and gems in jewelry in 1600 BC, although the beads that were shaped as leather and shells were widely produced in earlier times. Around 1500 BC, the main techniques of gold working in Greece include casting, twisting bars, and wire making. Many of these advanced techniques are popular in the Mycenaean period, but unfortunately these skills are lost at the end of the Bronze Age. The shape and shape of jewelry in ancient Greece such as armring (13th century BC), brooches (10th century BC) and pins (7th century BC), also varied greatly since the Bronze Age. Other jewelry forms include wreaths, earrings, necklaces and bracelets. A good example of the high quality that gold working technique in Greece can achieve is 'Gold Olive Wreath' (4th century BC), modeled on the type of wreath awarded as a prize for the winners in athletic competitions such as the Olympics. Jewelry dating from 600 to 475 BC was not well represented in archaeological records, but after the Persian war the number of jewels returned became more numerous. One type of design that is very popular today is a bracelet decorated with snakes and animal heads. Because this bracelet uses more metal, many examples are made of bronze. By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered colored jewelry and used amethysts, pearls, and emeralds. Also, the first signs of brilliant acting came about, with the Greeks creating them from the Indian Sardonyx, a pink and brown agate and brown-striped beige. Greek jewelry is often simpler than in other cultures, with simple design and workmanship. However, as time goes by, the design grows in complexity and different materials are immediately used.
Jewelry in Greece is hardly worn and is mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions. It is often given as a gift and is dominated by women to show their wealth, social status, and beauty. The jewelry is often supposed to give the wearer protection from "Evil Eye" or give the owner supernatural powers, while others have religious symbolism. Older pieces of jewelry found dedicated to the Gods.
They work two pieces style: cut and cut pieces agreed from metal sheet. Fewer pieces of cast jewelry have been found. It was made by throwing metal into two rocks or clay mold. The two parts are then joined together, and the wax, followed by molten metal, is placed in the center. This technique has been practiced since the Bronze Age is late. The more common form of jewelry is the type of sheet that is hammered. The metal sheet will be hammered for thickness and then soldered together. The inside of both sheets will be filled with wax or other liquids to preserve metal work. Different techniques, such as using stamps or carvings, are then used to create motifs on jewelry. Gems can then be added to a hole or glass poured into a special cavity on the surface. The Greeks took many of their designs from outside origin, such as Asia, when Alexander the Great conquered his share. In earlier designs, other European influences could also be detected. When the Roman government arrived in Greece, no change in the design of jewelry was detected. However, in 27 BC, the Greek design was strongly influenced by Roman culture. That does not mean that the original design is not developing. Many polychrome butterfly pendants on silver fox chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near Olbia, with only one instance ever found elsewhere.
Roma
Although jewelry work is very diverse in the past, especially among barbarian tribes like the Celts, when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewelry changed when smaller factions developed Roman design. The most common artifacts from early Rome were brooches, which were used to secure clothing together. The Romans used a variety of materials for their jewelry from their vast resources throughout the continent. Although they use gold, sometimes they use bronze or bone, and in earlier times, glass beads & amp; pearl. In the early 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewelry. In Britain ruled by the Romans, fossilized wood called jets from North England is often carved into pieces of jewelry. The early Italians worked with rough gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. They also produce larger pendants that can be filled with perfumes.
Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewelry is to ward off the "Evil Eye" given by others. Although women wear a lot of jewelry, men often wear only finger rings. Although they are expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wear rings on each finger, while others do not wear them. Roman men and women wore a ring with a carved jewel on it used with candles to seal documents, a practice that continued into medieval times when kings and nobles used the same method. After the fall of the Roman Empire, jewelry designs were absorbed by neighboring countries and tribes.
Medieval
Post-Roman Europe continues to develop jewelry making skills. The Celts and Merovingians were especially well known for their jewels, which in terms of their quality matched or exceeded the Byzantine Empire. Fasteners clothes, amulets, and, to a lesser extent, seal rings, are the most common artifacts we know. A striking example of Celtic is Tara Brooch. Torc is common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. In the 8th century, jewelry weapons were common to men, while other jewelry (with the exception of a seal ring) appeared to be a female domain. The grave items found in the 6th-7th century cemetery near Chalon-sur-Saene are illustrative. A young girl was buried with: 2 silver fibulae, a necklace (with coins), bracelets, gold earrings, a pair of hairpins, a comb, and a buckle. The Celts specialize in sustainable patterns and designs, while the Merovingian design is best known for its stylish animal figures. They are not the only group known for high-quality work. Notice the Visigoths shown here, and many decorative objects found in Burial Anglo-Saxon ships at Sutton Hoo Suffolk, England are a very famous example. On the continent, cloisonnÃÆ' Â © and garnet were probably the classical methods and gems of the time.
The successors of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued many methods of the Romans, although religious themes became dominant. Unlike the Romans, Franks, and Celtic, however, Byzantium uses light golden leaves rather than solid gold, and more emphasis is placed on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewelry is worn by wealthy women, with male jewelry seemingly confined to a seal ring. Women's jewelry has some peculiarities like kolts that adorn the headband. Like other contemporary cultures, jewelry is usually buried with its owner.
Renaissance
Renaissance and exploration both have a significant impact on the development of jewelry in Europe. In the seventeenth century, increased exploration and trade led to increased availability of various gemstones as well as exposure to other cultural arts. Whereas before this work of gold and precious metals had been at the forefront of jewelry, this period saw an increase in the dominance of gemstones and their arrangements. An example of this is the Cheapside Hoard, a stock of jewelry hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912. It contains Colombian emeralds, topaz, amazonite from Brazil, spinel, iolite, and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, rubies from India, Afghanistan lapis lazuli, Persian turquoise, Red Sea peridot, and Bohemian and Hungarian opals, garnets, and amethysts. The large stones are often arranged in a bezel-box on an enameled ring. Prominent amongst the traders of that period was Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who carried the precursor stone from Hope Diamond to France in the 1660s.
When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of France in 1804, he revived the style and splendor of jewelry and fashion in France. Under the Napoleon rule, jewelers introduced the parures, matching jewelry, such as diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond rings, diamond brooch, and diamond necklaces. Both Napoleonic wives have this beautiful set and wear them regularly. Another fashion trend generated by Napoleon is a cameo. As soon as his cameo crown was visible, the brilliant acting was highly sought after. This period also sees the early stages of costume jewelery, with a glass-covered glass beaded fish scale in place of pearls or a shell-clam cameo instead of acting stone. New terms are created to distinguish art: jewelry that work in cheaper materials is called Romanticism
Beginning at the end of the 18th century, Romanticism had a major impact on the development of western jewelry. Perhaps the most significant influence is the public appeal with the treasures found through the birth of modern archeology and interest with medieval and Renaissance art. Changing social conditions and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution also led to the growth of the middle class who wanted and were able to buy jewelry. As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes leads to the development of pasta or costume jewelry. The honorable goldsmiths continue to flourish, however, as wealthy customers strive to ensure that what they wear still stands apart from mass jewelry, not only through the use of precious metals and stones but also despite superior art and technical work. One such artist is a French goldsmith FranÃÆ'§ois-DÃÆ'Â © sirÃÆ'Â © froment-Meurice. The unique category for this period and quite in keeping with the philosophy of romance is the jewelry of mourning. It comes from England, where Queen Victoria is often seen wearing jet jewelry after the death of Prince Albert, and it allows the wearer to continue wearing the jewelry while expressing mourning for the death of a loved one.
In the United States, this period was seen in 1837 at Tiffany & amp; Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany. Tiffany put the United States on a world map in jewelry and gained fame creating fascinating commissions for the likes of Abraham Lincoln's wife. Then, it will gain popular fame as the setting of the Breakfast at Tiffany's film. In France, Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847, while 1884 saw Bulgari's founding in Italy. Modern production studios have been born and one step away from the dominance of former individual craftsmen and patronage.
This period also sees the first major collaboration between East and West. Collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists leads to Shakud? plaque is set into the Filigree Framework created by the Stoeffler company in 1885). Perhaps the grand finalà ©  © and the right transition for the next period - is the creation of an expert from Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergà ©  ©, works for the Russian Imperial palace, the eggs FabergÃÆ' © and the piece of jewelry is still regarded as the emblem of the work of a goldsmith.
The 18th Century/Romanticism/Renaissance
Many strange modes were introduced in the remarkable eighteenth century. Cameo used in connection with jewelry are interesting things along with many small objects such as brooches, earrings and scarves. Some of the necklaces are made of several parts that are joined by gold chains and bracelets are also made occasionally to match necklets and brooches. At the end of the century, jewelry with pieces of steel mixed with large crystals was introduced by the Englishman, Matthew Boulton from Birmingham.
Art Nouveau
In the 1890s, sellers began to explore the growing potential of Art Nouveau styles and the closely German Jugendstil, the British Art and Craft Movement (and to some extent the Americans), Catalan Modernism, Austrian-Hungarian Sezession, Italian "Liberty" etc...
Art Nouveau jewelry includes many different features including a focus on the female form and emphasis on color, most often given through the use of enamel techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonnÃÆ' Ã… ©, and plique-ÃÆ'-jour. Motives include orchids, irises, pansies, grapes, geese, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures, and female silhouettes.
Renà © à © Lalique, who works for the Paris shop Samuel Bing, is recognized by his contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend. Artist Column Darmstadt and Wiener WerkstÃÆ'¤tte provide perhaps the most significant input to this trend, while in Denmark Georg Jensen, although well known for its Silverware, also contributed significant pieces. In UK, Liberty & amp; Co and British art & amp; Charles Robert Ashbee's craft movement contributes a bit more linearly but remains a distinctive design. The new style moves the focus of jewelry art from the stone setting to the artistic design of the work itself. The Lalique dragonflies design is one of the best examples of this. Enamel plays a huge role in the technique, while the tortuous organic line is the most recognizable design feature.
The end of World War I once again changed the attitude of the public, and the more conscious styles evolved.
Art Deco
Increased political tensions, effects after the war, and reactions to the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewelry. Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, this style has become popularly known as Art Deco. Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement, with their philosophy of "no barrier between artists and craftsmen" leads to some interesting and distillating forms. Modern materials are also introduced: plastic and aluminum were first used in jewelry, and from the notes are chrome pendants from Russian-born Bauhaus, Naum Slutzky. Technical mastery becomes as valuable as the material itself. In the West, this period saw the re-invention of granulation by Elizabeth Treskow of Germany, although the development of rediscovery continued into the 1990s. It is based on the basic form.
Asia
In Asia, the Indian sub-continent has the longest longest jewelery heritage anywhere, with a history of more than 5,000 years. One of the first to start jewelry making was the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, in what is now predominantly Pakistani modern and part of northern and western India. Early jewelery making in China began around the same period, but became widespread with the spread of Buddhism some 2,000 years ago.
China
The Chinese use silver in their jewelry over gold. Blue kingfisher feathers tied to early Chinese jewelry and then, blue gems and glass put into the design. However, jade is preferred over other stones. Jade of China which is respected for the quality of the people they set, such as violence, endurance, and beauty. The first jade cut is very simple, but as time passes, more complex designs evolve. The jade rings between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having worked with compound milling machines, hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west.
In China, the most unusual jewelry is earrings, which are not worn by men or women. Amulets are common, often with Chinese symbols or dragons. Dragons, Chinese symbols, and phoenixes are often depicted in jewelry designs.
The Chinese often put their jewels in their graves. Most Chinese tombs found by archaeologists contain decorative jewelry.
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent (covering India, Pakistan and other countries in South Asia) has a long jewelry history, which has undergone various changes through cultural and political influences over 5,000-8,000 years. Because India has an abundant supply of precious metals and gems, it prosperes financially through exports and exchanges with other countries. While European traditions are heavily influenced by waxing and fading empires, India enjoys the continuous development of art forms for about 5,000 years. One of the first to start jewelry making was the people of the Indus Valley Civilization (covering present-day Pakistan and northern and northwestern India). In 1500 BC, people from the Indus Valley created gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metal bracelets. Before 2100 BC, before the period when the metal was widely used, the largest jewelery trade in the Indus Valley region was the trading of beads. The beads in the Indus Valley are made using simple techniques. First, bead makers need rough stones, which will be purchased from eastern stone merchants. The stone will then be put into a hot oven which will be heated until it turns into a deep red, a color highly appreciated by the Indus Valley people. The red stone will then peel off to the right size and a bore hole with primitive exercises. The beads are then polished. Some beads are also painted with design. This art form is often passed down through the family. Children of beads makers often learn how to work on beads from a young age. Persian style also plays a big role in Indian jewelry. Each stone has its own characteristics associated with Hinduism.
Jewelery in the Indus Valley is worn mainly by women, who wear lots of clay bracelets or bracelets on their wrists. They are often shaped like donuts and are painted black. Over time, the clay bracelets are discarded for a more durable. In India today, bracelets are made of metal or glass. Another piece that women often wear is a thin ribbon of gold that will be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, chokers, and gold rings. Although women wear the most jewelry, some men in the Indus Valley wear beads. Small beads are often made to be placed on men and women's hair. The beads are about a millimeter long.
The female skeleton (currently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a bangle bracelet (bracelet) in his left hand. Kada is a special kind of bracelet and very popular in Indian culture. They symbolize animals like peacocks, elephants, etc.
According to Hindu belief, gold and silver are regarded as sacred metal. Gold is a symbol of warm sun, while silver shows a cold moon. Both are classical metal jewelry of India. Pure gold does not oxidize or corrode with time, which is why the Hindu tradition connects gold with immortality. The image of gold often appears in ancient Indian literature. In the Hindu Vedic creed of cosmological creation, the source of the physical and spiritual human life originates and evolves from the golden womb (hiranyagarbha) or egg (hiranyanda), a metaphor of the sun, whose light rises from primordial water.
Jewelry has a good status with Indian royalty; it is so strong that they set the law, restricting the use of jewelry to the nobles. Only nobles and a few others they gave permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet. This is usually considered to violate respect for the sacred metal. Although most Indians wear jewelry, Maharajas and those associated with the royal family have a deeper relationship with jewelry. The Maharaja's role is so important that Hindu philosophers identify themselves as central to the smoothness of the world of work. He is regarded as a divine being, a god in human form, whose task is to uphold and protect the dharma, the moral order of the universe.
Navaratna (nine gems) is a powerful gem often worn by the Emperor (Emperor). It is a talisman, consisting of diamond, pearl, ruby, sapphire, emerald, topaz, cat's eye, coral, and hyacinth (red zircon). Each of these stones is associated with a divine god, representing the totality of the Hindu universe when all nine gems are united. Diamonds are the strongest gems among nine stones. There are various cuts to the gemstone. Indian kings buy gems personally from sellers. Maharaja and other members of the royal family appreciate the jewel as the Hindu God. They exchange gems with people who are very close to him, especially members of the royal family and other intimate allies. "Only the emperor himself, his intimate relationship, and the members of his chosen entourage were allowed to wear royal turban ornaments.When the empire ripened, various styles of ornaments derived the common name sarpech, from sar or sir, meaning head, and pech, meaning binder."
India was the first country to mine diamonds, with several mines dating from 296 BC. India trades diamonds, realizing their precious quality. Historically, diamonds have been given to retain or regain the desire of a lost lover or ruler, as a symbol of appreciation, or as an expression of loyalty in the exchange of concessions and protection. The Mughal emperors and Kings used diamonds as a means of ensuring their immortality by having names and titles written on them. In addition, he has played and continues to play an important role in Indian social, political, economic, and religious events, as is often the case elsewhere. In Indian history, diamonds have been used to acquire military equipment, finance the war, drive revolutions, and seduce defections. They have contributed to the release or beheading of the potentate. They have been used to kill a representative of the dominating power by tying his food with a crushed diamond. Indian diamonds have been used as collateral to finance large loans required to sustain a politically or economically staggered regime. Winning military heroes have been honored with diamond prizes and have also been used as ransom payments to be released from prison or kidnapping. Today, many jewelry designs and traditions are used, and jewelry is commonplace in ceremonies and weddings in India.
North and South America
Jewelry played a major role in America's fate when Spain established a kingdom to seize South American gold. Jewelry making was developed in America 5,000 years ago in Central and South America. A large amount of gold is easily accessible, and the Aztecs, Mixtecs, Mayans, and various Andean cultures, such as Mochica of Peru, create beautiful jewelry.
With Mochica culture, gold is growing. The pieces are no longer simple metal, but are now very good examples of jewelry making. Sophisticated pieces in their design, and features turquoise inlays, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst. Nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered ancient Peruvian cultural masterpieces.
Among the Aztecs, only the nobles wore gold jewelry, for showing their rank, power, and wealth. The most common gold jewelry in the Aztec Empire and often adorned with Quetzal and other Quilting feathers. In general, the more jewelry worn by the Aztec nobility, the higher the status or the prestige. The Emperor and High Priest, for example, will be almost completely covered in jewelry when appearing in public. Although gold is the most common and popular material used in Aztec jewelry, jade, turquoise, and certain feathers are considered more valuable. In addition to jewelry and status, the Aztecs also used jewelry in sacrifice to appease the gods. The priest also uses gem-studded jars to make sacrifices of animals and humans.
Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewelry making is Maya. At the height of their civilization, the Maya were making jewelry from jade, gold, silver, bronze, and copper. Maya design is similar to Aztecs, with headdresses and luxury jewelry. The Mayans also trade precious gems. However, in earlier times, the Mayans had little access to metal, so they made most of their jewelry out of bones or stones. Merchants and nobles are the only ones who wear expensive jewelry in the Maya region, just like the Aztecs.
In North America, Native Americans use shells, wood, turquoise, and soapstone, virtually unavailable in South and Central America. Turquoise is used in necklaces and placed in earrings. Native Americans with access to oyster shells, often in one location in America, trade shells with other tribes, pointing out the importance of body jewelry trading in North America.
Native Americans
Native American jewelry is personal jewelry, often in the form of necklaces, earrings, bracelets, rings, pins, brooches, labracks, and more, made by Native Americans. Native American jewelry reflects the cultural diversity and history of its makers. Native Americans continue to develop distinct aesthetics rooted in their personal artistic vision and cultural traditions. Artists create jewelry for jewelry, ceremonies, and trades. Lois Sherr Dubin writes, "the absence of written language, jewelry becomes an essential element of Indian Native communications, which conveys many levels of information." Later, personal jewelry and jewelry "... suggests resistance to assimilation, which is still a major statement of tribal and individual identity."
Metalsmith, beaders, carvers, and lapidaries combine various metals, hardwoods, precious and semi-precious gems, beadwork, quillwork, teeth, bones, hide, plant fibers, and other materials for jewelry making. Native American Contemporary jewelry ranges from hand-crafted and processed rocks and shells to computer-made steel and titanium jewelry.
Pacific
The manufacture of jewelery in the Pacific began more slowly than in other areas due to recent human settlements. Early Pacific jewelry is made of bone, wood, and other natural materials, and thus does not survive. Most Pacific jewelry worn over the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair clips, and arms and waist are the most common parts.
Jewelry in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is used to be a symbol of fertility or power. The intricate head ornaments are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, like the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, are wearing a certain cap after they kill the enemy. Tribesmen may wear pigs through their noses.
Island jewelry is still very primal due to lack of communication with outside cultures. Some areas of Kalimantan and Papua New Guinea have not been explored by Western countries. However, island countries that are flooded by Western missionaries have undergone drastic changes to their jewelry designs. Missionaries see the type of tribal jewelry as a sign of the wearer's loyalty to paganism. Thus many tribal designs are lost forever in the conversion of the masses into Christianity.
Australia is now the number one opal supplier in the world. Opal has been mined in Europe and South America for many years before, but by the end of the 19th century, Australian opal markets became dominant. Australian opal is only mined in certain places across the country, making it one of the most profitable rocks in the Pacific.
New Zealand M? Ori has traditionally had a strong personal jewelry culture, the most famous being the hey-tiki. Hey-tikis is traditionally carved by hand from bone, nephrite, or bowenite.
Today a wide range of traditionally inspired items such as bone pendants carved by traditional fish eyes and other green jewelry are popular among New Zealand youngsters from all backgrounds - for whom they deal with taste common from New Zealand Identity. This trend has contributed to the world's interest in the culture and art of traditional Mosi.
In addition to the jewelry created through the influence of M? Ori, modern jewelry in New Zealand is multicultural and diverse.
Modern
Most modern commercial jewelry continues traditional forms and styles, but designers like Georg Jensen have expanded the concept of usable art. The emergence of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC), and coloring techniques, have led to increased variations in style. Other advances, such as the development of harvesting of pearls enhanced by the likes of Mikimoto K? Kichi and the development of enhanced quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (diamond simulant), have placed jewelry in the economic grip of a segment that is much larger than the population.
The movement of "jewelry as an art" was spearheaded by artists such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in England. The influence of other cultural forms is also evident. One example is the bling-bling style jewelry, popularized by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century, for example grills, a kind of jewelry worn over the teeth.
The late 20th century saw a blend of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume-gane. The following are the innovations in the decades that straddle the year 2000: "Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic enhancement, fold-forming, reactive metal anodization, shell shapes, PMC, photoetching, and CAD/CAM usage. "
Also, 3D printing as a production technique is increasingly important. With a variety of great services that offer this production method, jewelry design becomes accessible to a growing number of creatives. An important advantage of using 3d printing is the relatively low cost for prototypes, small batch series or unique and personal designs. Forms that are difficult or impossible to make by hand can often be realized with 3D printing. Popular materials for printing include polyamide, steel and wax (the latter for further processing). Each printed material has its own constraints that must be considered when designing jewelry pieces using 3D Modeling Software.
Jewelry builders continue to grow both as a hobby and a profession. With more than 17 United States magazines about beads alone, resources, accessibility, and low entry costs continue to expand the production of handmade jewelry. Some examples of fine craftsman jewelry can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. An increasing number of students who have chosen to study jewelry design and production in Australia have grown in the last 20 years, and Australia now has a thriving contemporary jewelry community. Many of these jewels have been using modern materials and techniques, as well as incorporating traditional workmanship.
The wider use of metal to decorate the wearer, where the piece is larger and more complicated than what is usually considered jewelry, has been referred to by fashion designers and writers as Couture Metals.
Masonic
Freemasons attach the gems on the removable collar when at the Lodge to mark the Brother Office held with the Lodge. For example, the square represents the Master of the Lodge and the dove represents the Deacon.
Body modifications
Jewelry used in body modification can be simple and simple or dramatic and extreme. The use of simple silver buttons, rings, and earrings dominates. Such common piece of jewelry, earrings are a modified form of the body, because they are accommodated by making a small hole in the ear.
Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks. From the age of five, girls were introduced to their first neck rings. Over the years, more rings were added. In addition to the twenty-pound ring around his neck, a woman will also wear as many rings in her calf. At some level, some modified necks like this can reach a length of 10-15 (25-38 cm). This practice has health effects and in recent years declined from cultural norms to tourist curiosity. Tribes associated with Paduang, as well as other cultures around the world, use jewelry to stretch their earlobes or enlarge the ear piercing. In America, labrets have been used since before first contact by Innu and First Nations people on the northwest coast. Lip plates worn by Africans Mursi and Sara, as well as some South Americans.
At the end of the 20th century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into the western subculture. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modifications and decorative objects, thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decor blurry.
In many cultures, jewelry is used as a temporary body changer; in some cases, with hooks or other objects placed into the recipient's skin. Although this procedure is often performed by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under trance during religious ceremonies, this practice has permeated into western culture. Many extreme jewelers now serve people who want a large hook or nail that is installed in their skin. Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with the pulleys to lift the receiver into the air. This practice is said to give erotic feelings to the person and some couples have even performed their wedding ceremony while being delayed by the hook.
Jewelry market
According to the 2007 KPMG study, the largest jewelry market is the United States with 30.8% market share, Japan, India, China and the Middle East each with 8-9%, and Italy with 5%. The study authors predict a dramatic change in market share by 2015, where the US market share will drop to about 25%, and China and India will increase it by more than 13%. The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, while the European and Japanese market share will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for each of Europe's largest countries, Italy and Britain.
See also
References
Further reading
- Borel, F. 1994. Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry: from Colette and Jean-Pierre Ghysels Collection. New York: H.N. Abrams (ISBNÃ, 0-8109-2993-7).
- Evans, J. 1989. A History of Jewelery 1100-1870 (ISBNÃ, 0-486-26122-0).
- LaGamma, Alisa (1991). Metropolitan jewelry. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN: 0870996169.
- Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (ISBN 0-313-29497-6).
- Tait, H. 1986. Seven Thousand Years of Jewelry. London: British Museum Publications (ISBN 0-7141-2034-0).
External links
- Works related to Jewelry on Wikisource
- Definition of jewelry dictionary in Wiktionary
- Media related to Jewelry on Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Jewelry store on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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