Lithophane

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For the moth genus, see Lithophane (moths)

A lithophane (French: lithophanie ) is an art piece inscribed or printed in a very thin translucent porcelain that can only be seen clearly when it returns lights up with a light source. This is the design or scene within intaglio that appears " en grisaille " (in gray).

A lithophane presents a three-dimensional image - completely different from the two-dimensional carvings and the "flat" daguerreotypes. Images change the characteristics depending on the light source behind them. The window of the lithophane panel screen changes throughout the day depending on the amount of sunlight. The varied lightsource is what makes lithophanes more appealing to viewers than to two-dimensional images.

The word "lithophane" comes from the Greek "litho", derived from "lithos" meaning stone or stone, and "phainein" meaning "cause to appear" or "cause to appear suddenly". From here the meaning of a lithophane of "light in stone" or "appears in stone" when the three-dimensional image appears suddenly when ignited with the rear light source.

Lithophanes Europe was first produced almost at the same time in France, Germany, Prussia, and England around the late 1820s. Many times historians praised Baron Paul de Bourging (1791-1864) by inventing the process of "enamel ombrant" (pottery decor) of lithophanes in 1827 in France. Robert Griffith Jones acquired Bourging rights in 1828 and was licensed to British factories to make it. British factories sometimes use the name "lithophane" for an ordinary "ombrant email" specimen. Some say Georg Friedrich Christoph (1781-1848) Prussia actually refined the true lithophane process in 1828. Others say the technique was developed in Berlin and other parts of Germany by producers such as KÃÆ'¶niglichen Porzellan-Manufacturing and Porzellanmanufactur. This is why lithophanes are sometimes referred to as "Berlin transparency." There is a famous sign Ad'T ' on lithophanes from Rubles, near Melun in France. It is considered a sign of Baron A. de Tremblay, but some experts on the subject think that it only makes pottery and not the actual lithophanes and the mark belongs to an unknown source.

Many historians argue that the inspiration for the idea came from China nearly a thousand years earlier in the Tang Dynasty. According to the intellectual R. L. Hobson during the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese produced a "paper-thin" bowl with secret ornaments in it. According to W. Hodgson he described some Chinese porcelain biscuits that looked like a "small screen with relief sights" resembling a white porcelian obtained in Switzerland. Another potential precursor to European lithophanes comes from the Chinese Song Dynasty. Qingbal's items have translucent designs of flowers, fish, and birds. The Japanese lithophane tea set was called Dragonware and was popular for GI trade in Japan during World War II.

In the early part of the 20th century, many lithophane researchers were making connections between European ceramics of the 18th and 19th centuries and Chinese porcelain. In France they used the term "Blanc de Chine" in the 18th century to designate highly translucent Chinese porcelain. Porcelain factories in France, Germany and England mimicked the Chinese "Blanc de Chine" in the 17th and 18th centuries. These same factories then began making lithophanes in the early 19th century. The technical and aesthetic inspiration for European lithophanes can be seen coming from Chinese works, but the exact relationship between them remains elusive to this day. The missing connections are lithophane plaques that are known to be produced anywhere in China before 1800.

Lithophanes are made by European special craftsmen who started as a picture engraved with warm candles on a glass plate. This is then given a backlight and carved. Sometimes the carving table is near the window and has a mirror under the table to provide constant light for carving. A modeler will duplicate the image on a flat and intaglio wax engraving relief. Where the wax is carved the thinnest will shine. Of course where the candle is carved so thick there is a little light that shines.

A gypsum plaster cast is thrown from a candle. It is sometimes thrown in metal for the production of multiple prints. The cast was removed from the mold and then fired about 2300 degrees Fahrenheit. Porcelain will cover about 66% kaolin, 30% feldspar and 4% soapstone. It turns out that about 60% of porcelain will be curved or cracked in the kiln that causes them to be useless. Finished moss is between a thin sixteenth of an inch to nearly a quarter of an inch (1.5 to 6 mm) thick.

Lithophanes was produced in Austria, Belgium, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, and Wales in the 19th century. Lithophanes by hundreds of thousands made in the midst of eighteen hundreds by companies such as Wedgwood in England, Meissen in Dresden, and Belleek in Ireland. Lithophanes were produced later in the United States as well, but not as much as in Europe. Popular subjects of lithophanes are religious themes, portraits, genre scenes, literary ideas such as stories from the Bible, and masterpieces. Some lithophanes even commemorate events such as the opening of the Eiffel Tower in 1889.

Lithophanes in various formats of plaque to hang in the window to the wax shield. They are also on the fireplace screen, night lights, tea heaters, and matchboxes. Lots of cuts of beer, mugs and beer cups. Some are souvenir ornaments of erotic images. They are even in lanterns and lights. Rare miniature lithophanes are part of the dollhouse furniture.

According to Henry Barnard, the first biographer of Samuel Colt, Colt ordered and installed it in his new home ("Armsmear") in Hartford, Connecticut, the dozens of lithophanes he bought in Berlin in 1855 and 1856. Colt probably got the idea from 1851 Great (Crystal Palace) Exhibition in London or New York's Great Exhibition of 1853 or in a Prussian visit in 1854. The beautiful landscape and portrait are for the public and private spaces of the Colt's wife. An inspirational panel for Colt's upstairs bedroom window. The cute nature Lithophanes is placed in the Colt bile room window in his new home. One of the special interests is the Trafalgar Battle. The other is Stolzenfels Castle on the Rhine River and views of Koblenz. Barnard described lithophanes as "the real art gallery." Photographs of the Armsmear taken between 1857 and 1861 show more than a hundred lithophanes. Photo 1907 shows lithophanes of Armsmear still in place. Many of the surviving Colts of lithophanes are currently at the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art.

Samuel Colt had 111 lithophanes made of his likeness from a photograph for extensive distribution in 1855. In this lithophane portrait he was sitting at a small table holding a "Belt Pistol" in his right hand and having a referring compass in his left hand. One of them was sent to Senator Thomas J. Rusk who responded in a letter of January 3, 1856 when he received it,

Video Lithophane

Litophan Modern

Baru-baru ini lithophanes telah dibuat dengan menggunakan mesin CNC dan pencetakan 3D.

Maps Lithophane

Galeri

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Referensi

Catatan

Bibliografi

• Carney, Margaret, Lithophanes , Penerbit Schiffer 2007, ISBN 978-0-7643-3019-3
• Houze, Herbert G., Samuel Colt: Senjata, Seni, dan Penemuan , Universitas Yale Press 2006, ISBNÂ 0-300-11133-9
• Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise-Marcellin Jobard, Les nouvelles penemuan aux expositions universelles (Brussels dan Leipzig, 1858), volume 2.
• Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise-Marcellin Jobard, Judul tidak diketahui, L'intermÃÆ' © diaire des chercheurs et curieux , vol. 17, tidak. 597 (25 November 1884).
• Lise Baer dkk., Sepanjang Jalan Raya: Berlin dan Potsdam , 1848. Asli di Perpustakaan Kongres.
• Pameran Besar Karya Industri Seluruh Bangsa (London, 1852), vol. 3. Asli di Perpustakaan Kongres.
• Katalog Resmi Pameran New-York Industri Semua Negara , rev. ed. (New York, 1853). Asli di Perpustakaan Kongres.
• Savage, George et al., Kamus Keramik Berilustrasi , Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1974, ISBN 0-442-27364-9

Tambahan

Additional references related to lithophanes Samuel Colts are located in the Connecticut Historical Society - Samuel Colt papers , especially box 7.

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External links

• Lithophanes 101
• Lithophane Tutorial
• The Blair Museum of Lithophanes

Source of the article : Wikipedia