Gift of marriage is food or non-transferable token transferred to woman by man during dating or copulation. Inedible tokens may include items such as fragments of leaves or twigs, a beaker, or a silk balloon. In many animal species, including birds, insects, and spiders, this takes the form of food that is transferred from man to woman just before intercourse. This is a behavior known as dating feed . Wedding gifts can be classified into oral and seminal gifts. Seminal gifts may be tokens that have no immediate value as food but can serve as an indicator of male fitness. In some species of insects such as katydids, wedding gifts are packed with male sperm. This package is an edible spermatophore. These extra nutrients in sperm are assimilated by females and are thought to increase the fertility of the resulting offspring, increasing the likelihood that men pass through their genes.
Video Nuptial gift
Kejadian
Marriage gifts are often found in insects and other invertebrates, such as butterflies, fruit flies, and cathidoids. They are less common in spiders, though the spider species Pisaura mirabilis is known for wedding gift giving. However, this may be partly due to experimental bias because of the ease of raising it for experimentation. Other taxis may generally indicate rewarding behavior. Thus, further research is needed to evaluate the scope of the gift of marriage in the arachnid taxa. In many species of insects, birds and mammals, men acquire and donate food for women either before, during, or after copulation (called the provision of mate , dating, wedding gifts, or meat-for- sex). Men can release parts of the body, produce glandular secretions, or share prey or other foods to benefit from fitness through natural and sexual selection.
Food for delivery is very common among many bird species.
Maps Nuptial gift
Vertebrata
Large gray sweep
Large gray intestines, raptor-like passerine birds, give prey (rodents, birds, lizards, or large insects) to females immediately before copulation. Shrikes is famous for fueling prey on thorns and sharp stalks. The large gray female tumor selects the males according to the size of the punctured prey, with the larder thus functioning as an extended phenotype of the male. If the amount of food stored by men can encourage the choice of the female partner, the food provided by men before copulation can also affect women's decision to copulate. This applies both to the man's own partner and to another woman.
Invertebrates
Arachnid
Pisaura mirabilisOn spiders, wedding presents in the form of prey restricted to several species of two families including the super family Lycosoidea: Pisauridae and Trechaleidae. In both families, the court of male men by offering victims wrapped in silk and mating occurs while women consume prizes. In the species Pisaura mirabilis (Pisauridae), the prize serves as a marital effort that increases the success of male marriages. The wedding gift consists of a victim who has been captured and wrapped in silk. The man offered this gift during courtship, and if the woman accepted the invitation, she took the packaged prey. While females eat, men enter the mating organ, and the sperm is removed.
A similar function was recently suggested for the trechaleid spider, Paratrechalea ornata . In both species, men can earn marriages without prizes, but the success of a male marriage increases dramatically when a gift is given. In Pisaura mirabilis, the male encourages the female during mating and inserts an alternative pedipalp into the venous sperm storage organ in the abdomen. After each insertion, the man returns to face-to-face position with the woman, taking the prize at chelicerae. Women often control the duration of mating and they often try to escape with a gift when ending intercourse.
Women are less likely to succeed in stealing wrapped gifts - not a gift that is not wrapped up because of the silk wrap of the gift. Silk wrapping facilitates men's handling and gifts control, as it facilitates a stronger grip on silk-covered packages compared to non-wrapped insects. The male spider has a unique opportunity for prize manipulation through the gift wrapping properties, for example by preventing women's judgment of gift content. By disguising the contents of the prize, men can cheat women to copulate, while women seek to consume gifts. In Paratrechalea ornata Paratrechalea ornata
The behavior of a marriage gift has been seen in the spider species Paratrechalea ornata, the Neotrophic spider belonging to the Trechaleidae spider family. Paratrechalea ornata men can present wrapped or unwrapped prey gifts. Wrapping the prey appears to be triggered by the perception of signals on the female sutra and the increase in frequency according to the age of the male. Cricket decorated
In cricket decorated, Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), the wedding gift is spermatophylax (large mass, gelatin, without sperm) that surrounds the amperes containing smaller sperm. Together, spermatophylax and ampulla are male spermatophores, which are transferred to females during intercourse and remain attached outside the body at the base of the ovipositor. After mating, the female releases the spermatophylax from the ampulla and eats it while the ampulla remains attached and emptied from the sperm. After the female has consumed or discarded the spermatophylax, she raises the sperm ampoule, terminating the sperm transfer. Women's cooperation is necessary for successful spermatophore transfers, and as such, men can not impose copulation on women.
Bushcrickets
Bushcricket men offer spermatophylax containing ampoules. The gift of marriage is also rich in protein, which women consume into their reproductive tract. The size of a wedding gift positively affects the refractory period of women and the success of male reproduction. The size of the prize depends on the ampulla and serves as a sperm protection. In bushcrickets Ephippiger ephippiger, females prefer older males, who have larger spermoophers and better nutritional value during mating. The nutritional value associated with female metabolism, which serves as a benefit for women who breastfeed in semaphore. Sometimes men produce lower doses of sperm with lower nutritional value the fourth time they mate. It may be that women use the age and quality of gifts as a proxy for couples with good genes because their offspring tend to have relatively high fitness.
Ornate moth
During mating in ornamental moths ( Utetheisa ornatrix ), males provide females with spermatophore containing nutrients, sperm and alkaloids that serve as chemical defenses of predators. Such wedding gifts account for up to 10% of men's body weight and represent the total investment of parents provided by men. Women receive spermatophores from several men and direct the post-populace selection process in which they decide which sperm will fertilize their eggs.
Ostrinia scapulalis
Men of the species Ostrinia scapulalis provide proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and sugars included in the spermatophore. This is their wedding gift for women. They are known to increase female reproductive output. Gifts are given at great expense for men. Older men tend to produce larger spermatophores with more wedding gift content because there are fewer possible future reproductive episodes for them.
Coming butterfly
In a coma butterfly ( Polygonia c-album ), men provide women with nutrients and protein through wedding gifts to attract polyandrous women to mate. Females are able to recognize and preferentially mate with males raised in higher-quality host plants as larvae, as they are able to provide superior wedding gifts with higher protein and spermatofora contents. When females are mated to males who can provide greater investment, they are seen not only allocating more resources for their egg production, but also to themselves in the form of women's life expectancy, future care, and reproductive care.
Rocky Mountain parnassian
The gift of marriage can be given by a butterfly like Parnassius smintheus , consisting of a man holding a genital block of wax to the butterfly's abdominal end during intercourse. It contains sperm and essential nutrients for women. It also ensures that males are the only ones that fertilize the female eggs, because it prevents the female from remarrying.
Six-point burn
Marriage gifts are widespread in insects such as the six-point burning point ( Zygaena filipendulae ), and consist of food or gland products offered as father's inheritance and/or to promote marriage. Zygaena women can use this gift for their own defense and to protect their eggs.
Scorpionfly
In scorpionfly Panorpa cognata, men offer salivary secretions as wedding gifts prior to intercourse. The exchange of salivary secretion occurs after prolonged courtship interaction. The gift of marriage is more likely to be accepted by women if the duration is long. Males in poor conditions with limited supply of saliva may deliberately delay the initiation of intercourse to reduce the likelihood that their expensive gifts are rejected and, thereby, wasted. Men in good condition with adequate marital resources, on the other hand, can run the risk of wasting the mass of saliva and therefore taking every opportunity to mate.
Evolution, costs and benefits
Male sperm offers many nutrients to increase the life span and production of a woman's egg. These nutrients include acid or sodium. Male sperm also protects females and eggs from predators. Females will also get the net benefits of male sperm. A female recipient should produce a larger offspring than a woman who does not receive a wedding gift. The female spider's eggs that receive the wedding gift can hatch at a higher rate than those who do not have a wedding gift. Historically, wedding gifts are seen as nutrients given to women from men during mating. The benefits of men from clean fitness. Although gifts are expensive to discover or produce, rewards will increase attraction and intercourse with other women. One of the most recently identified costs for men is reducing running speed for bringing gifts. This cost can be exacerbated in areas with high predation. A marriage gift can benefit a man by increasing his paternity when women are picky. In some insects, a wedding gift allows a man to copulate longer and transfer more sperm to a female. In fruit flies, cathidids, and scorpion flies, wedding gifts contain substances that reduce the acceptability of women to additional marriages. While marriage rewards can also increase the fertility of women, from a male point of view, such an investment would only be beneficial if it increased the number of its own children. In a cricket bell, a gift of marriage may be needed to avoid injury or death by cannibalizing females. This added benefit allows men who reward men beyond other fitness. In this way, women exploit the sexual dimorphism attached to their species.
In species where males provide females with marriage gifts during marriage, there is a special room for men to manipulate females to get married and extend copulation to enhance the success of their conception. Usually, females control the duration and volume of sperm transfer during the mating process. Research has suggested that gifts presented by temporary men impede the capacity of women to manage copulatory events. The choice of women for men with wedding gifts could lead to the evolution of male deception by using a token gift. For example, men can reduce the cost of marrying by reusing a gift or by offering a prize that is worthless. Men of some dancing flies can deceive women by offering inadequate or fake gifts. Although men who offer inaccessible rewards are at higher risk of rejection and may experience shorter marriage periods than men offering edible rewards, the opportunity to earn extra mating should lead to fraud as a strategy that appeals to men. Therefore, the male of the Rhamphomyia sulcata flying dance who used the inedible token gift to earn a partner was as successful as the man who offered the original little gift.
When a gift of marriage is given, it increases intercourse and a search to find a female partner to marry. Albo and Costa experimented with Paratrechala ornata P. ornata . Wedding gifts will allow men to control the duration of intercourse and to accelerate female oviposition, increase sperm and father supply, and minimize the possibility of cost of remating with individual polyandrous. In addition, Prokop found that the choice of the female pair hinges on the wedding gift rather than the female reproductive status as an individual who is not mated or mated. This effect demonstrates the ability of sexual selection to make one sex more discriminatory than others, since women can negatively impact their offspring by rejecting marriage events with men who do not offer gifts.
See also
- The food-sharing evolution model
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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