Ancient Chinese Coins are among the earliest known coins. These coins, used as early as spring and fall (770-476 BC), take the artificial form of the cowrie shell used in ceremonial exchanges. The Spring and Autumn Periods also see the introduction of the first metal coin; However, they were initially not round, but rather either a knife-shaped or shovel-shaped. Round metal coins with a round, and then square hole in the center was first introduced around 350 BC. The beginning of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), the first dynasty that unified China, saw the introduction of the standard currency for the entire Empire. The next dynasty produced variations on this round coin during the imperial period. At first the distribution of the currency was limited for use around the district of the capital, but at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, coins were widely used for such things as paying taxes, salaries and penalties.
The ancient Chinese coins are very different from their European counterparts. Chinese coins are produced with mold, whereas European coins are usually cut and hammered or, in later times, milled. Chinese coins are usually made of a mixture of metals such as copper, tin and lead, from bronze, brass or iron: precious metals such as gold and silver are rarely used. The ratio and purity of coin metals varies greatly. Most Chinese coins are produced with square holes in the middle. This is used to allow the collection of coins to be threaded on a rectangular bar so the rough edges can be superimposed, and then threaded on the strings for easy handling.
Official coin production is not always centralized, but can be spread across many mint locations across the country. In addition to officially-produced coins, personal coining is common during many stages of history. Steps are taken from time to time to try to combat personal coining and limit its impact and make it illegal. At other times, personal coining is tolerated. The coins vary in value throughout history.
Some coins are produced in very large quantities - during West Han, an average of 220 million coins per year are produced. Other coins have limited circulation and are currently very rare - only six examples of Da Quan Wu Qian of the Eastern Wu Dynasty (222-280) are known to exist. Sometimes, large piles of coins have been found. For example, a heap was found in Jiangsu containing 4,000 coins of Tai Qing Feng Le and in Zhangpu in Shaanxi, a sealed bottle containing 1,000 Liang Ban coins of various sizes and weights found.
Video Ancient Chinese coinage
Pra-Imperial (770-220 SM)
The earliest currency of China is described by Sima Qian, great historian c. 100 BCE:
"With the opening of exchanges between peasants, craftsmen and merchants, money comes with turtle shells, cowrie shells, gold, coins (China: ? ; pinyin: qiÃÆ'¡n ), blade (Chinese: span lang = "zh">? ; pinyin: d o ), spade (Chinese: ? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'¹ ) It's been so out of ancient times."
Although nothing is known about the use of turtle shells because money, gold, and shells (both original and replica shells) are used in the south of the Yellow River. Although there is no doubt that the famous shovel and knife money is used as a coin, it has not been shown that other items often offered by traders as coins such as fish, spears, and metal bells are also used as coins. They are not found on coin coins, and the probability is that these are all burial items. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest use of shovel and knife money was in the Spring and Autumn period (770-476 BC). As in ancient Greece, the socio-economic conditions of the time were favorable for the adoption of currencies.
Cowries
Archaeological inscriptions and evidence suggest that cowrie shells were considered a valuable important item in the Shang Dynasty (c 1766-1154 BC). In the Zhou period, they are often referred to as gifts or gifts from kings and nobles to their people. Then copies in bone, stone or bronze may be used as money in some instances. Some people think that the first Chinese metallic coin was a bronze imitation of a cowrie shell found in a tomb near Anyang dating from around 900 BC, but these items are lacking inscriptions.
The bronze piece is similar to the inscription, known as Money Nose Antose (Chinese: span lang = "zh"> ??? ; pinyin: y? BÃÆ' qiÃÆ'¡n ) or Ghost Face Money (Chinese: ??? ; pinyin: gu? li? n qiÃÆ'¡n ) is definitely used as money. They have been found in the area to the south of the Yellow River associated with Chu State in the period of the Warring States. One hoards are about 16,000 pieces. Their weight varies greatly, and their alloy often contains a high proportion of lead. The Name of the Ant [and] The nose refers to the appearance of the inscription, and has nothing to do with keeping the ant from the nose of the corpse.
Gold
The only gold printed in this period is known as Chu Gold Block Money (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: y? ng yuÃÆ'¡n ), consisting of 3-5 mm thick gold sheets, of various sizes, with inscriptions composed of square or round stamps where there are one or two characters. They have been found in various locations south of the Yellow River indicating that they are products of Chu State. One of the characters in their inscriptions is often a unit or monetary weight that is usually read as yuan (Chinese: span lang = "zh">? ; pinyin: yuÃÆ'¡n ). The pieces have varying sizes and thicknesses, and stamps appear to be a tool for validating the entire block, not a guide to allow it to be broken into unit sections. Several specimens have been reported in copper, tin, or clay. It is possible that this is a funeral money, not a circulating coin, as they are found in graves, but gold coins do not.
Jade Piece
It has been suggested that jade pieces were a form of money in the Shang Dynasty.
Brand money
The coin brand (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: qiÃÆ'¡n pÃÆ'¡ i ) is rarely used in Chu countries. They were used again in the Song dynasty.
Spade money
Hollow handle shovel money
Hollow Handle Spades (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'¹bÃÆ'¬ ) is a link between weeding tools used for barter and stylish objects that are used as money. They are obviously too thin to use, but retain the hollow socket where the original tool can attach to the handle. The socket is rectangular, and still retains the clay from the casting process. In the socket hole where the device is mounted on the handle is also reproduced.
- Prototype spade money: This type of spade money has a shape and size similar to the original farming tools. While some may be strong enough to be used in the fields, others are much lighter and bear inscriptions, perhaps the name of the city that issued it. Some of these objects have been found in the tombs of Shang and Zhou West, so they are from c. 1200-800 BC. The specimen written looks dated from c. 700 BC.
- Spade square shoulder: The square shoulder spade coin has a square shoulder, straight legs or slightly curved, and three parallel lines on the front and back. They are found in numbers up to several hundred in areas corresponding to the Zhou Kingdom Domains (southern Hebei and northern Henan). Archaeological evidence leads them to the beginning of spring and autumn, around 650 BC and beyond. The inscription on this coin usually consists of a single character, which can be a number, a cycle character, a place name, or a clan name. The possibility that some inscriptions are names of merchants have not been entertained. Coarse writing is a craftsman who makes coins, not a more careful script than scholars who write vowel inscriptions on bronze. The writing style is consistent with the mid-Zhou period. More than 200 inscriptions are known; many of which have not been fully elucidated. Characters can be found on the left or right of the center line and sometimes reversed or backwards. These coin alloys are typically 80% copper, 15% lead, and 5% tin. They are found in hundreds of hundreds, not thousands, sometimes tied together in a bond. Although not mentioned in the literature on their purchasing power, it is clear that it is not a small change.
- Tilt tilting tilt: Tilted tilt shovel usually has a sloping shoulder, with two outer lines at the front and backwards at an angle. The center line is often missing. This type is generally smaller than a prototype or a square shoulder shovel. Their inscriptions are clearer, and usually consist of two characters. They are related to Zhou Kingdom and Henan region. Their smaller size indicates that they are later dated than a square shovel.
- Supporting a shoulder shovel: This type of shovel has sharp shoulders and feet, and a long hollow grip. There are three parallel lines on the front and back, and sometimes the inscription. They are found in N.E. Henan and in Shanxi, Jin Duchy territory, later became Zhao. They are held somewhat slower than square facets. The form seems to be designed to make it easier to bind together in bundles, rather than being developed from certain agricultural instruments.
Money handled flat shovel
The round coin, the predecessor of a familiar cash coin, circulates well in the area of ​​sponge money and knives in the Zhou period, from about 350 BC. Apart from two small coins and possibly late from Qin State, the coin from the money shovel area has a round hole and refers to the jin and burrowing units. Those from the knife money area have square holes and are in currency hua .
Although for discussion purposes, Zhou's coins are divided into categories of knives, shovels, and round coins, visible from the archaeological findings that most of the various types are circulated together. Hoarding was invented in 1981, near Hebi in northern Henan province, comprising: 3,537 Gong shovels, 3 Anyi curled petals, 8 Liang Dang Lie spades, 18 spades of Liang legs and 1,180 Yuan round coins, all contained in three jugs of clay. Another example is an invention made in Liaoning province in 1984, consisting of 2,280 Yi Hua round coins, 14 coin spades, and 120 Ming blades. In 1960 in Shandong, 2 Yi Hua round coins were found with 600 Qi round coins and 59 Qi knives. In Luoyang was found in 1976 from 116 shovels handled flat of various types (Xiangyuan, Lin, Nie, Pingyang, Yu, Anyang, and Gong), 46 round Anzang coins, 1 yuan round coin, and a small shovel/tilt from Sanchuan, Wu, Anzang, Dong Zhou, Feng, and Anzhou.
Maps Ancient Chinese coinage
Ban Liang coins
Coins Ban Liang took their name from two of their character inscriptions Ban Liang (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'n li? Ng ), which means half hole . The burrow , Chinese ounce, consists of 24 zhu (Chinese: ? ; pinyin: zh? ), and is equivalent to about 16 grams. Thus the original Ban Liang weighed the equivalent of 12 zhu - 8 grams; However, it makes this inscription even when its weight is subtracted. This means that Ban Liangs are found in various sizes and styles of calligraphy, all with the same inscriptions, which are difficult to classify and date precisely, especially those of unofficial or local manufacture.
These coins are traditionally associated with Qin Shi Huang Di, the first Chinese Emperor, who unified China in 221 BC. History Han says: "When Qin unites the world, it makes two types of currency: yellow gold, called yi and is a higher class currency, and bronze, which has similar qualities to the coins Zhou, but has an inscription that says Half Ounce, and has the same weight as his writing. "
Archaeological evidence now suggests that Ban Liang was first expelled in the Warring States period by the State of Qin, possibly as early as 378 BC. The remarkable findings are some of the bamboo tablets among which found the rule (made before 242 BC) about coins and fabrics. A thousand coins, a mixture of good and bad, should be placed in the pen (basket or jar) and sealed with Seal of the Director. At Zhangpu in Shaanxi, only a sealed jar, containing 1,000 Liang Tires with various weights and sizes, was found. 7 Ban Liang was found in a tomb that can be recorded up to 306 BC. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, c. 200 BC, people are allowed to issue small coins known as yu jia (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: yÃÆ'º jiÃÆ'¡ ), coin "elm seed", because heavy Qin coins are uncomfortable. In 186 BC, the weight of official coins was reduced to 8 zhu , and in 182 BC, a wu fen (Chinese: ; pinyin: w? f? n ) (5 parts) coins removed - this is taken into 5 parts of Ban Liang , ie 2.4 zhu . In 175 BC, weight was set at 4 zhu . Private printing is permitted again, but with strict weight and blend arrangements. In 119 BC, Ban Liang was replaced by San Zhu, and then Wu Zhu's coin.
Western Han and Wu Zhu coins
By this time, the full monetary economy has grown. Taxes, salaries, and penalties are all paid with coins. An average of 220 million coins per year is produced. According to Han History, the West Han is a rich period:
"The granaries in the towns and villages are full and the treasures of the government flow with riches.In the capital, cash has been stacked by hundreds of millions until the ropes that bind them have rotted and they can no longer be counted."
"Elm countless press seeds in the sheet,
Wang Mang is the nephew of Empress Dowager Wang, In 9 AD, she usurped the throne, and founded the Xin Dynasty. He introduced a number of currency reforms that met with varying degrees of success. The first reform, in AD 7, retained the Wu Zhu coin, but reintroduced two versions of the knife money:
- Yi Dao Ping Wu Qian (Chinese: ????? ; pinyin: y? D? O pÃÆ'ng w? Qi? N ; literally:" One Knife Worth Five Thousand ") in which the character of Dao Dao is decorated with gold.
- ???? Qi Dao Wu Bai (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: qa d ? ow? b? i ; literally: "Inscribed Knife Five Hundred")
Between AD 9 and 10 he introduced a very complex system involving turtle shells, cows, gold, silver, six round copper coins, and the reintroduction of spade money in ten denominations.
Enam Koin. IKLAN 9-14.
- Xiao Quan Zhi Yi (Mandarin: ???? ; pinyin: xi? oquÃÆ' ?¡n Zha y ; harfiah: "Coin Kecil, Nilai One")
- Yao Quan Yi Shi (Mandarin: ???? ; pinyin: y? o quÃÆ'¡ny ? shÃÆ' ; secara harfiah: "Baby Coin, Ten")
- Anda Quan Er Shi (Cina: ???? ; pinyin: yÃÆ'Â2u quÃÆ'¡n Sebuah RshÃÆ' ; secara harfiah: "Juvenile Coin, Twenty")
- Zhong Quan San Shi (Cina: ???? ; pinyin: zh ng quÃÆ'¡ns? nshÃÆ' ; secara harfiah: "Middle Coin, Thirty")
- Zhuang Quan Si Shi (Cina: ???? ; pinyin: zhuÃÆ' ng quÃÆ'¡n sa ¬shÃÆ' ; secara harfiah: "Koin Dewasa, Empat puluh")
- Da Quan Wu Shi (Mandarin: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ' qua¡nw? shÃÆ' ) adalah koin bulat dengan nilai nominal lima puluh Wu Zhu.
Sepuluh Spades. AD 10-14.
According to Han History:
People are confused and confused, and these coins are not circulating. They secretly use Wu Zhu coins for their purchase. Wang Mang is very concerned about this and issued the following decision:
"Those who dared to oppose the court system and those who dared to use Wu Zhus secretly to deceive people and the spirits would all be exiled to Four Borders and under the devil and demons."
The result is trade and agriculture languish, and food becomes scarce. People go cry in markets and highways, countless number of patients.
At 14 AD, all tokens are removed, and replaced by new spade coins and new round coins.
- Huo Bu (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: huÃÆ'² bÃÆ'¹ ; literally: "Money Spade")
- Huo Quan (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: huÃÆ'²quÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Wealth/Money Coin")
According to SchjÃÆ'¶th, Wang Mang hopes to replace Wu Zhu's currency from West Han, because, he says, for the prejudice against jin (Chinese: ? ; pinyin: j? n ; literally: "gold") radical in character zhu (Language Chinese: ? ; pinyin: zh? ) This inscription, which is a part component of the character Liu, the surname of Han House ruler, whose descendant Wang Mang has just taken off. And he introduced the currency Huo Quan . One of the reasons, once again, is that these coins circulate for several years into the next dynasty, so says the author of the history, the fact that the character of quan (Chinese: ? span>; pinyin: quÃÆ'¡n ) in the inscription consists of two parts of the bai component (Mandarin: ? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'¡i ; literally: "white") and shui (Chinese: ? ; pinyin: shu? literally "water"), which happened to be the name of the village, Bai Shui in Henan, where Emperor Guang Wu, who founded East Han, was born. This state enchants the coin and extends circulation time. The Huo Quan indeed continued to be printed after Wang Mang's death - a print date of 40 AD is known.
Bu Quan (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'¹ quÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Spade Coin") is known later as Nan Qian (Chinese: ; pinyin: nÃÆ'¡n qiÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Cash Man"), out of the belief that if a woman wore this on her belt, she will give birth to a boy. Finally, Wang Mang's reforms failed to provoke rebellion, and he was killed by rebels in 23 AD.
Three Kingdoms
At 220, the Han Dynasty ended, and followed by a long period of division and civil war, beginning with the period of the Three Kingdoms, which evolved from the divisions within the Han Dynasty. These three countries are Cao Wei in northern China, Shu Han in the west, and Wu East in the east. That period is the golden age of chivalry in Chinese history, as described in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms romance novel. The currency reflects an uncertain time, with small coins and tokens dominating. Cao Wei (222-265)
The country only issued Wu Zhu coins. Shu Han (221-265)
Coins issued by this country are:
- Zhi Bai Wu Zhu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: zhÃÆ' b? iw? zh? ; literally:" One Hundred Wu Zhu Values ​​") Often found with incuse characters on the back.
- Zhi Bai (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: zhÃÆ' b? i ; literally: "Hundred Values") When Liu Bei, the Shu ruler and one of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms heroes, took Chengdu in Sichuan 214, issuing a "hundred" coin to solve the problem of defending his army; then this coin is associated with it.
- Tai Ping Bai Qian (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: tÃÆ' ipÃÆ'ng b? i qiÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Taiping One Hundred Cash")
- Rev: Stars and wave patterns.
- Rev: Enter characters.
- Rev: Plain
- Tai Ping Bai Qian coins were originally associated with Sun Liang of Wu Timur, who adopted the 256 year Tai Ping year title. However, most of them have been unearthed in Sichuan (in one instance in a tomb dated 227) along with Zhi Bai coins, which, along with the incuse sign at the back, indicates that they are a matter of Shu Han. Fancy calligraphy and turning large coins more typical than amulets than coins in circulation, and Peng tried to link it with Taiping Tao at that time.
- Zhi Yi (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: zhÃÆ' y? ; literally:" Value One ")
- Ding Ping Yi Bai (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ'¬ngpÃÆ'ng y? b? i ; literally: "Ding Ping One Hundred")
- Da Quan Wu Bai (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ' quÃÆ'¡nw? b? i ; literally:" Large Coin Five Hundred ")
- Da Quan Dang Qian (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ' quÃÆ'¡nd? ng qi? n ; literally: "Big Coins are worth a Thousand")
- Da Quan Er Qian (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ' quÃÆ'¡n ÃÆ'¨rqi? n ; literally: "Large Coin, Two Thousand")
- Da Quan Wu Qian (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: dÃÆ' quÃÆ'¡nw? qi? n ; literally: "Large Coin, Five Thousand"): Only six known specimens.
In the 1860s, a small bottle of "goose" coins was dug in Chengdu in Sichuan. It contains the coins of Tai Ping Bai Qian, Ding Ping Yi Bai, Zhi Bai, and Zhi Yi. This reinforces the assumption that all these coins are close to contemporaries, issued by Shu Han.
Eastern Wu (222-280)
According to records, in 236 Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu, cast Da Quan Wu Bai, and in 238 Da Quan Dang Qian coins. People are called to hand over the copper they have and receive cash back, and thus illegal coining is not recommended. These are coarse coins, printed in the Nanking capital or in Hubei. In 2000, clay molds and other foundry materials for Da Quan Wu Bai coins were found in West Lake, Hangzhou.
Jin Dynasty and 16 Kingdom
Sima Yan founded the Jin Dynasty in 265 AD, and after the defeat of Wu Timur in 280, China reunited for a while. At first, the dynasty was known as the Western Jin with Luo-who as its capital; from 317, he ruled as the East Jin from Nanking. Historical records do not mention specifics about casting coins during the Jin Dynasty. In the south, the reduction of coin weight causes large price fluctuations, and fabrics and grains are used instead of coins. In the north, many independent kingdoms (The Sixteen Kingdoms) issue some interesting coins.
Former Kingdom of Liang (301-76)
Liang Zao Xin Quan (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: liÃÆ'¡ ng zÃÆ' ox? nquÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Liang Made New Coin") is associated with King Zhang Gui (317-376), who reigns in the northwest region.
Then Zhao Kingdom (319-52)
Feng Huo (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: f? ng huÃÆ'² ; literally: "The Coin of Abundance") has text that uses Seal Script. No ream. They were cast by Emperor Shi Le in 319 at Xiangguo (now Xingtai in Hebei) weighing 4 zhu . They are known as Cash of Riches - saving coins about someone is said to bring great wealth. However, historical records state that people are not happy, and that in the end the coins are not circulating.
The Kingdom of Cheng Han (303-47)
Han Xing (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: hÃÆ'n xÃÆ'¬ng ) as an inscription both right and left or above and below. In 337, Li Shou of Sichuan adopted the title of Han Xing period. This is the first recorded use of the title period on the coin. The period ends at 343.
Xia Kingdom (407-31)
Tai Xia Zhen Xing (Mandarin: ???? ; pinyin: tÃÆ' i xiÃÆ' zh? nxÃÆ'¬ng ; secara harfiah: "Great Xia, Zhenxing [periode]") berlawanan. Ini dikeluarkan selama periode Zhenxing (419-24) oleh Helian Bobo, mungkin di Xi'an.
The North and South Dynasties (420-581)
The Era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties is another long period of division and disagreement. The northern and southern parts of China are each ruled by two separate dynastic successions. During this period, coin inscriptions other than (nominal) weights, such as the name or title of the year, are introduced, although Wu Zhu's coins are still issued. The seal script remains the norm for inscriptions and some coins of highly respected calligraphy are produced. However, the common currency has a very poor quality. At 465, permission is given to people for coin coins. A thousand "goose-eye" coins that produce piles less than three inches (76 mm) tall. There are others, still worse, the so-called "Fringe Rim" coins, which will not drown in water and will break in someone's hands. In the market, people will not bother counting it, but will take it with a handful. One stakes of rice sold for 10,000 this. Reforms by Emperor Ming of 465 and beyond, have only limited success in improving the quality of the currency.
Southern Dynasties
Songs Songs (420-79)
The last three small coins, weighing just 2 zhu , were all issued by Emperor Fei in 465. Since the Jinghe and Yongguang periods lasted only a few months, these coins were very rare. Song Capital is in Nanking.
Liang (502-556)
Tai Qing Feng Le (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: tÃÆ' iq Literally "Tai Qing, Prosperous and Happy") is associated with the Tai Qing period (547-549) of Emperor Wu. An embankment was found in Jiangsu containing 4,000 Tai Qing Feng Le coins with various other types of coins indicating that this was not an amulet as some authorities had claimed. Chen (557-89)
Tai Huo Liu Zhu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: tÃÆ' i huÃÆ'² liÃÆ'¹ zh? ; literally: "The Large Coin Six Zhu") was issued by Emperor Xuan in 579. Originally the coin was equivalent to ten Wu Zhus. Then its value is changed to one, and the contemporary proverb "They weep before Caesar, their arm akimbo" is said to refer to the dissatisfaction among the people caused by this. The seal character for liu shows the posture of "weapon akimbo". The coins were drawn in 582 when the Emperor died, and Wu Zhus was adopted. Chen's capital is Nanking.
Northern Dynasties
Northern Wei (386-534)
- Tai He Wu Zhu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: tÃÆ' i hÃÆ' Â © w? zh? ; literally:" Taihe [period] Wu Zhu "): Although North Wei had been established in 386, its Turkish and Mongolian tribes have retained the way nomadic life with no need for money until 495, when Emperor Xiao Wen issued this coin, probably in Datong capital in Shanxi.
- Yong An Wu Zhu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: y? ng '? nw? zh? ; literally: "Yong An [period] Wu Zhu") coins were first issued in the second year of Yongan's fall (529) by Emperor Xiao Zhuang. It is said that they continued to cast until 543 under the Eastern and Western Wei dynasties. During the Eastern Wei dynasty, personal coins with nicknames such as Yongzhou Green-red, Liangzhou Thick, Constrained Cash, Profitable Cash, Heyang Rough, Heavenly Pillar, and Red Halter were circulating, all possibilities of Yong An Wu Zhus.
Northern Qi (550-77)
Chang Ping Wu Zhu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: chÃÆ'¡ ngpÃÆ'ng w? zh? ; literally: "Wu Zhu Constant and Regular") was cast by Emperor Wen Xuan in 553. They were made subtly. The capital of North Qi is Linzhang in Hebei. Under the Northern Qi, there is the East and West Rescue Area, under Chamberlain for Palace Revenue. Each Regional Director oversees 3 or 4 Local Services.
Northern Zhou (557-81)
- Bu Quan (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: bÃÆ'¹ quÃÆ'¡n ; literally: "Spade Coin") was issued in 561 by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou dynasty. One is worth five Wu Zhus. To distinguish this coin from Bu Quan Wang Mang - stroke in the middle quan is continuous. They were drawn at 576.
- Wu Xing Da Bu (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: w? hÃÆ'¡ng dÃÆ' bÃÆ'¹ ; literally: "The Big Coin of the Five Elements [metal, wood, water, fire, and earth]") was published in 574 by Emperor Wu. They are meant to be worth ten Bu Quan. Illegal coining immediately produced a weight-loss specimen and the authorities banned the use of this coin in 576. This inscription is often found in amulets.
- Yong Tong Wan Guo (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: y ng ng ng ua ng ³ ; literally: "Eternal Circulation in Ten Thousand Kingdoms") was issued in 579 by Emperor Xuan. The nominal weight is 12 zhu , and the coin is meant to be equivalent to ten Wu Xing coins.
- The above coins, "North Zhou Three Coins" are written in the highly admired Jade Chopstick style of calligraphy Yu Zhu .
- 3 and 4 Zhu coins are a small group of rectangular and round coins that do not always have a hole in the middle. They are usually associated with Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is an uneasy period that produces some very poor currencies. Cross inscription gives the weight of 3 or 4 zhu. The reverse inscription seems to be the name of the place.
The Sui Dynasty
China reunited under the Sui Dynasty (581-618). Under this short-lived dynasty, many reforms began that led to the success of the Tang dynasty. The only coin associated with Sui is Wu Zhu's coin. Additional candies are prepared in various prefectures, usually with five furnaces each. Cash is often checked for quality by officials. However, after 605, personal coining again causes currency damage.
Tang Dynasty
Tang Problems
Kai Yuan Tong Bao (Chinese: ???? ; pinyin: k iyuÃÆ'¡nt? ng b? o ; literally: "The Inaugural Currency") is the main coin issued by Tang. It was cast for most dynasties, a period of nearly 300 years. It was first issued by Emperor Gao Zu in the fall of the 4th year of the Wu De period (August 621). Its diameter is 8 fen . The weight is set at 2.4 zhu , ten to burrow . 1,000 coins weighed 6 jin 4 burrow. Legend is written by renowned calligraphist Ouyang Xun in a highly admired mix of Bafen and Li (official or clerkly) style of writing. This is the first to include the phrase tong bao, which is used on many of the next coins. The inscription was used by another regime in later periods; the coins can be distinguished from Tang coins with their workmanship. The extraction of dipping and copper is centrally controlled, and the personal casting can be put to death. For the first time we found a rule that gives the coin alloys specified: 83% copper, 15% lead, and 2% tin. The percentage used previously appears to be existing ad hoc. The actual analysis shows less copper than this.
A crescent-shaped mark is often found behind Kai Yuan. The legend is that Empress Wende (or, as in some folk legends, Wu Zetian) accidentally plugged one of her nails in the candlestick model of the coin when it was first presented to her, and the resulting sign was retained with respect. Other imperial women have also been suggested as a source of these nail marks, especially Imperial Consort Yang. Peng explores the possibility of a foreign source for them. More prosaic, they appear to be a control system operated by mint workers.
Initially, candy was formed in Luoyang in Henan, and also in Peking, Chengdu, Binzhou (Taiyuan in Shanxi), and then Guilin in Guangxi. Printing rights are also given to several princes and officials. In 660, currency damage due to counterfeiting has been a problem. The regulation was reaffirmed in 718, and counterfeiting was suppressed. In 737, the first commissioner with overall responsibility for casting was appointed. In 739, ten candies were recorded, with a total of 89 furnaces casting approximately 327,000 cash cords per year. 123 burrow of metal is required to produce a piece of coin weighing 100 burrow . At the end of the 740s, skilled craftsmen were hired for casting, instead of conscripts. Despite these measures, the currency continues to deteriorate. In 808, the prohibition of stockpiling coins was proclaimed. This is repeated in 817. Regardless of r
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