Dragon 2 (also Dragon Crew , Dragon V2 , or earlier DragonRider ) is the second version of the SpaceX Dragon space shuttle space, which will be a vehicle that is judged by humans. This includes a set of four side-mounted pod propellers with two SuperDraco engines each, which can serve as a launch abort system or launch a abort system (LAS). In addition, it has a much larger window, a new aviation and avionics computer, and a redesigned solar system, and a modified outer mold line from an early dragon cargo that has been flying for several years.
The spacecraft was inaugurated on May 29, 2014 during a press event at the SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California. Designed to transport astronauts into space, the capsule is very different from Dragon carrying cargo, which has been in operation since 2010. In June 2018, the spacecraft is expected to conduct an automatic pilot mission to the International Space Station (ISS) on September 16, 2018 , and to bring his first crew on a demonstration flight on January 17, 2019.
SpaceX completed the launch test of canceling a spacecraft on May 6, 2015 and the test drifted on November 24, 2015.
NASA has signed a contract to get up to six crew flights to the International Space Station under the Development of Commercial Crew.
Video Dragon 2
Riwayat pengembangan 2 naga
The Dragon crew variant was originally named DragonRider . It was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo. Planned for fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override capability; and designed to use the NASA Docking System (NDS) to dock to the ISS. For regular missions, DragonRider will remain anchored to the ISS for a period of 180 days, but will be designed to be able to do so for 210 days, similar to the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. From the earliest public design concept released in 2010, SpaceX plans to use an integrated launch release system for the Naga spacecraft, claiming some advantages over the tractor tower-removable approach used on the most previous crew spacecraft. These advantages include provisions for escaping crews all the way into orbit, reusability of the escape system, improving crew safety due to eliminating phase separation, and the ability to use escape engines during landing for proper solid ground landing of capsules.
SpaceX was originally intended to certify their propulsion landing scheme, in parallel with the parachute-to-air-landing method for Dragon 2, with the aim of maintaining a development schedule and "ensuring safe and reliable US crew transportation by 2017." SpaceX announced that "land landings would be the basis for an initial post-certification mission" while the precision water landing under the parachute was proposed to NASA as "an early recovery and recovery approach for some of Crew Dragon's first flights." the parachute system was originally anticipated only as a backup system; due to cancellation of landing booster, however, the parachute system will be used for all landings.
In 2011, Paragon Space Development Corporation helped develop the life support system of DragonRider. In 2012, SpaceX is discussing with Orbital Outfitters about developing a space suit for use during launch and re-entry.
At a NASA press conference on May 18, 2012, SpaceX confirmed again that their target launch price for Dragon-controlled flights is $ 160 million, or $ 20,000,000 per seat if the crew has a maximum of 7 ships, and if NASA orders at least four DragonRider flights per year. This contrasted with the launch price of Soyuz 2014 for $ 76 million per seat for NASA astronauts.
In October 2014, NASA chose the Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly the American astronauts to the International Space Station under the Commercial Crew Program. SpaceX plans to use the launch vehicle Falcon 9 Block 5 to launch Dragon 2.
Maps Dragon 2
Technical specifications
Dragon 2 includes the following features:
- Reuses : partially reusable; can be flown several times, resulting in significant cuts in the cost of access to space. SpaceX anticipates that about ten flights are possible before significant vehicle repairs are required.
- Capacity : seven astronauts
- Landing : four main parachutes for water landing; the possibility of developing a booster landing using the SuperDraco engine.
- Machines : eight side-mounted SuperDraco machines, clustered in redundant pairs in four machines, each capable of generating 71 kilonettons (16,000 pounds) of thrust Each pod - called "quad" by SpaceX - contains two SuperDraco engines plus four Draco drives. "In nominal terms, only two thighs are used for on-orbit propellants with Dracos and two thighs are provided for the landing of the boosters using SuperDracos."
- The first complete printing press, the SuperDraco Engine combustion chamber is printed from Inconel, a nickel and iron alloy, using a direct metal laser sintering process. The machine is contained in a protective nacelle to prevent any errors if the machine fails.
- Docking : can be independently attached to the space station. Dragon V1 is used berthing, a non-autonomous means to attach to an ISS completed by using a robot arm of Canadarm2. The pilot's ability to park the spacecraft using manual controls if needed
- Reservoir : an excessive carbon titanium round titanium tank to withstand helium used to push the engine and also for fuel and oxidizing SuperDraco
- Shield : updated updated updated PICA-X heat shield
- Control : a computer like a rotating tablet for optional pilot and co-pilot crew control
- Interior design : brown leather chairs
- the spacecraft can be operated in a full vacuum, and "the crew will wear SpaceX's spaceship outfits to protect them from a fast cabin depressurization event". In addition, the spacecraft will be able to return safely if a leak occurs "down to a hole equivalent to a diameter of 0.25 inches [6.35 mm]."
- moving sled ballast : to allow more precise spaceborne behavior control during the atmospheric phase of return on Earth and more accurate control of the landing ellipse location.
- Reusable nose cone: the second structural element of the spacecraft, "which protects the ship and docking adapter during ascent and reentry" - which rotates on a hinge to activate docking in space, and returns to closed positions for re-entry and future launches
- Rod : the third structural element of the spacecraft, which contains a solar array, a heat-dissipating radiator, and will provide aerodynamic stability during emergency cancellation.
The landing system was originally designed to accommodate three types of landing scenarios:
- Emergency landing, for vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL)
- Parachute landing, similar to the previous American manned capsule
- The parachute landing with propulsion propulsion, similar to that used by Soyuz (spacecraft): " The whole landing system is designed to pass if there is no propulsion at all, so if you go down just with the landing landing, we anticipate no crew injuries.That would be like landing at Soyuz. "
However, on July 19, 2017, Elon Musk announced that the development of the propulsion landing had been stopped and all landing would be under parachute. This also means that the Red Dragon project can not land on Mars but without confirmation, it remains unclear whether the mission is postponed indefinitely, canceled, or can be reworked for different purposes. SuperDraco engines will remain there to be canceled, but there will be no legs. Attempts to qualify for landing landings for safety as well as lack of technological similarity with their main Antarplanet spacecraft are given as an excuse.
The parachute system is completely redesigned from that used in the previous dragon capsule, because of the need to deploy parachutes under various canceling launch scenarios.
The planned space shuttle mission
Dragon has been designed to meet a set of mission requirements that will make the capsule useful for commercial and government customers. SpaceX and Bigelow Aerospace work together to support round-trip transportation from commercial passengers to low Earth orbit destinations (LEO) such as the planned Bigelow Commercial Space Station. In that use, a full seven passenger passenger capacity is planned to be used.
SpaceX is competing for a contract with NASA to deliver a number of special crew transport missions to the ISS under the third phase of the Commercial Crew Development program.
In the August 2014 presentation SpaceX revealed that if NASA chose to use the Dragon 2 space capsule under the Commercial Crew Capacity Development Contract (CCtCap, Commercial Crew Development), then only four of the seven seats would likely be used to bring NASA designated passengers to the ISS , because NASA wanted to use the mass of payload and additional volume capacity to carry pressurized cargo. Also, all NASA landing from Dragon 2 is planned to initially use the booster deceleration capability of the Super Draco engine just for propulsion assistance just before the final touchdown, and instead will use the "all the way down" parachute.
On September 16, 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX, along with Boeing, has been selected to provide crew transport capability to the ISS. SpaceX will receive $ 2.6 billion under this contract. NASA considers Naga the most inexpensive proposal.
In the departure from previous NASA practice during the first five decades of the space era, where NASA was contracted with a commercial company to build the space equipment and then NASA operates the spacecraft directly, NASA purchased space transportation services from SpaceX with a contract of Dragon 2, and will leave the launch, transit, and operation of the spacecraft to SpaceX.
According to Elon Musk in a question and answer session on May 29, 2014 opening Dragon 2, the older version of the Dragon will be used together with Dragon 2 as cargo ferries for years to come.
After a pad test 2 on the dragon in early May 2015, Musk revealed plans to use a variant of the Dragon 2 spacecraft - in conjunction with Falcon Heavy launching the vehicle - to transport science cargo in many solar systems, in the cislunar and inner solar region areas such as Mars in 2020 with Red Dragon but also for purposes outside the solar system such as Jupiter Europa Moon. Details include that SpaceX hopes to transport 2,000-4,000 kg (4,400-8,800 pounds) to the surface of Mars, including a soft retropropulsive landing using SuperDraco propulsion following a limited atmospheric deceleration. For purposes without atmosphere, the Dragon variant will remove the parachute and heat shield, and add propellant. However, this unlimited plan was postponed after the cancellation of the propulsion propulsion landing for the Dragon vehicle in mid-2017.
Flight spaceship crew
On February 27, 2017, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk announced that the company will try to fly two citizens on a free return track around the month by the end of 2018. The Dragon 2 spacecraft will be launched on the Falcon Heavy booster. The two civilians, who have not yet been named, approached SpaceX about traveling around the Moon, and had "already paid a significant deposit" for mission fees, according to a statement from the company. The names of the two individuals will be announced later, pending the results of initial medical tests to ensure their fitness for the mission, the statement said. Two passengers will be the only people on the plane expected by SpaceX about a week's journey around the Moon, according to Musk, who spoke with reporters during a conference call. "It will be a long circle around the moon... It will jump over the moon's surface, go a little further into space and then spin back to Earth," Musk said during the teleconference. "So I suspect, the distance-wise, probably [about 500,000 to 650,000 kilometers].The Dragon Plane will operate, mostly, autonomously, but passengers should practice for emergency procedures.The Dragon 2 capsules will require some upgrades for the flight outer space, but Musk said it would be limited primarily to installing long-distance communications systems.
On February 5, 2018 Elon Musk announces the Falcon Heavy rocket will not be used for crew missions. Elon Musk indicated on February 6, 2018 that BFR is likely to be used for flights instead, indicating that SpaceX is moving forward with the space tourism plan.
Flight testing
SpaceX is planning a four-test program for Dragon 2 that will include a "pad abort" test, and an in-flight abortion test, plus an untrained orbital robotic flight to the ISS, and finally a crew crew for a 14-day mission to the ISS by 2018.
Cancel test
In August 2014, it was announced that the abort test pad would take place in Florida, at SpaceX's leased pad in SLC 40. While Dragon 2 and similar flight trunks were used for abort test pad, they rested on the skeletal structure to test rather than the full Falcon 9 rocket. Dummy crash tests are embedded with a series of sensors placed inside the test vehicle to record the acceleration load and strength in the crew seats, while the remaining six seats are loaded with loads to simulate full passenger loads. The purpose of the test is to show a sufficient total push, thrust and control to perform a secure abort pad.
The abort pad test was done successfully on May 6, 2015 around 09:00 Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). The vehicle falls safely in the ocean to the east of launchpad 99 seconds later. The problem of fuel mix ratio was detected after flight in one of eight SuperDraco engines, but did not affect the flight materially. More detailed test results are then analyzed by both SpaceX and NASA engineers.
Drift test
On November 24, 2015, SpaceX tested Dragon 2's floating ability at a company rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas. In a video published by the company, the spacecraft was shown suspended by the lifter cable and powered its SuperDraco engine. The capsule drifts in equilibrium for about 5 seconds, balanced by 8 engines that light up with low thrust to compensate for gravity.
This video shows the second test of a two-part milestone under NASA's Commercial Crew Development program. The first test, a short shot from a machine intended to verify a healthy propulsion system, was completed two days earlier on November 22.
Uncontrolled orbital test flight
The first orbital test of Dragon 2 will be an untrained mission, designated SpX-DM1 and scheduled, in June 2018, for September 16, 2018. The spacecraft will test the approach and procedure of automatic docking with the ISS, anchored for several weeks, then do the re-entry, splashdown, and recovery steps to qualify for the crew mission. Life support systems will be monitored during the flight test. The same capsule will be reused later for an abortion test inside the aircraft.
Abortion test in plane
SpaceX plans to conduct an in-flight abortion test from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A in Florida after the first untrained orbital test flight and before its first test flight. The test will be carried out with an updated capsule of the uninvolved test flight.
Previously, these tests had been scheduled before orbital tests were excluded, however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use newer designed capsules rather than the older test articles from the abort test pad.
The Dragon 2 test capsule will be launched in sub-orbitals to perform separation and cancel scenarios in the troposphere at transonic speeds, at max. Q, where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The goal of the trials is to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the rising rocket under the most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight path, imposing the worst structural pressure of real flight on rockets and spacecraft. The capsule will then fall in the sea with a traditional parachute, perhaps with the help of an integrated thruster to smooth the last moments of the offspring.
The coughing capsule inside the aircraft was originally planned to be launched on the Dev2 F9R before the full Falcon 9 Fuel (and solid propellant) drive made the F9R Dev2 incompatible with both SpaceX active orbital launch pads. Then a special version of Falcon 9 first stage with only three engines prepared for this test and taken to the launch pad at Vandenberg in April 2015 to conduct a tank test. It was established on a revised and rebuilt (TE) transport erector and is full of propellants on April 9, 2015 to test both vehicles and ground support equipment. The plan was later removed, and by August 2016 it was not known which vehicle SpaceX would use for an in-flight abortion test.
Crewed orbital test flight
In June 2018, Dragon 2 is scheduled to bring the first crew of two NASA astronauts on a 14-day test flight mission to the ISS on January 17, 2019. If this timetable is followed, they will become the second person to board the American spacecraft into orbit after the Boeing launch, because the Boeing CST-100 Starliner was originally scheduled to bring its first astronaut in November 2018. However, on 5 April 2018 NASA suggested the planned first two-person flight of the CST-100 Starliner, scheduled for November 2018, is now possible in 2019 or 2020. At least for the first CST-100 flight if the delay is maintained, it is expected to bring one additional crew member and additional inventory. Instead of staying for two weeks as originally planned, NASA said an expanded crew could stay in the station for six months as a normal rotational flight. There is no announcement about the Dragon 2 slippage schedule given to this press. NASA has named its first Commercial Crew astronaut crew of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing - Robert Behnken, Eric Boe, Sunita Williams and Douglas Hurley. The SpX-DM2 mission will complete the final milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving the way for starting commercial services under the upcoming ISS Crew Transportation Services contract.
See also
- Comparison of crew space vehicles
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- Automatic Transfer Vehicle - a usable disposable cargo vehicle used by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2008 to retirement in February 2015
- Crew Exploration Vehicles
- CST-100, a capsule spacecraft developed by Boeing
- Dream Chaser, a spacecraft developed in early 2010 by Sierra Nevada Corporation
- Orion (spacecraft), spacecraft built for NASA by Lockheed Martin
- Private space light
- Federation (spacecraft) - a new, reusable, generation capsule, a proposed spacecraft fanned in Russia in the late 2000s
References
External links
- Related media with Dragon V2 on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments