The herringed vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ), also known as LÃÆ'Âmmergeier or ossifrage the only member of the genus Gypaetus . Traditionally considered the Old World bird, it actually forms a small lineage of Accipitridae along with the Egyptian bird ( Neophron percnopterus ), his closest relative. It is no more closely related to the exact Old World birds than, for example, the eagle, and differ from the first by the hairy neck. Although different, the Egyptian herring and bearded each have a candy-shaped tail - unusual among birds of prey.
The bearded vulture is the only known animal whose diet is almost exclusively (70 to 90 percent) of the bone. It lives and breeds on cliffs in the high mountains of southern Europe, the Caucasus, Africa, Indian subcontinent, and Tibet, laying one or two eggs in mid-winter hatches in early spring. The population is the population.
The population of this species continues to decline. As of July 2014, it is classified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Few Worries; it, however, has since been re-assessed as Near Threatened.
Video Bearded vulture
Distribution and habitat
The bearded vultures are scattered in various regions. These can be found in mountainous regions of Europe through most of Asia and Africa. In Eurasia, it is found in the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Caucasus region, the Zagros Mountains, Alborzs, Koh-i-Baba in Bamyan, Afghanistan, the Altai Mountains, the Himalayas, Ladakh in northern, western and central China, Israel (Where though extinct as breeders since 1981, single young birds have been reported in 2000, 2004 and 2016), and the Arabian Peninsula. In Africa, it is found in the Atlas Mountains, the Ethiopian Plateau and descends from Sudan to the northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, central Kenya and northern Tanzania. The isolated population inhabits Drakensberg in South Africa.
This species is almost entirely associated with mountains and inselberg with cliffs, cliffs, cliffs, canyons and abundant canyons. They are often found near alpine grasslands and meadows, mountain meadows and heaths, steep sides, rocky wadis, tall grasslands and sometimes around the forest. They seem to prefer remote, slightly populated areas where bone-rich predators, such as wolves and golden eagles, have healthy populations. In Ethiopia, they now used to refuse tips on the outskirts of villages and towns. Although sometimes they drop to 300-600 m (980-1,970 ft), herringed vultures are rarely below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and are usually above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in some parts of their distance. They are usually found around or above the tree line that is often near the top of the mountain, up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Europe, 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in Africa and 5,000 m (16,000 Ã, ft) in central Asia. In southern Armenia they have been found to breed below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) if permits for cliff availability. They have even been observed living at an altitude of 7,500 m (24,600 feet) on Mount Everest and have been observed flying at an altitude of 24,000 feet (7300 m).
Maps Bearded vulture
Description
This bird has a length of 94-125 cm (37-49 inches) with a wingspan of 2.31-2.83 m (7.6-9.3 ft). Weighing 4.5-7.8 kg (9.9-17.2 pounds), with an average nomination race of 6.21 kg (13.7 pounds) and G. b. meridionalis Africa averages 5.7 kg (13 pounds). In Eurasia, vultures found around the Himalayas tend to be slightly larger than those from other mountains. Females are slightly larger than males. This is basically not wrong with other vultures or other birds that fly because of its long and narrow wings, with wing chords measuring 71.5-91 cm (28.1-35.8 inches), and a long, wedge-shaped tail, which measures 42.7- 52 cm (16.8-20.5 inches) in length. Tarsus is relatively small for bird sizes, at 8.8-10 cm (3.5 to 3.9 inches). The proportion of species has been compared with eagles, on a large scale.
Unlike most vultures, bearded bearded birds do not have bald heads. This species is relatively small-headed, although its neck is strong and thick. The shape is generally elongated, slender, sometimes seem larger because of the frequent backs of this bird. The walking style on the ground rocked and his legs were big and strong. Adults are mostly dark gray, rusty and whitish. It is a gray-blue to gray-black on top. The forehead is cream-colored in contrast to the black ribbon on the eyes and the chunks and feathers beneath the chin, which form a black beard that gives it its English name. The bearded herring is orange or rusty in head, breast and leg hair, but this is actually cosmetic. This color may come from a dust bath, rub the mud on its body or from drinking in mineral-rich waters. Fur and tail wings are gray. Teenagers are dark-brown in most of the body, with a yellowish brown chest and it takes five years to reach full maturity. The bearded herring was silent, apart from a high-pitched whistle in their breeding place and a sound like cheek-acheek made around the nest.
Physiology
The acid concentration of the bearded vulture has been estimated pH around 1 and the large bone will be digested within about 24 hours, aided by the slow mixing/stirring of the contents of the stomach. The high fat content of the bone marrow makes the net energy value of bone almost as good as the muscle, even if the bone is not fully digested. The remaining skeletons on the mountain will be dehydrated and protected from the degradation of the bearded bacteria and birds can return to consume the remains of the carcass even months after the soft parts have been consumed by other animals, larvae and bacteria.
Behavior
Diet and feed
Like other vultures, he is a carcass eater, eating mostly on the remains of dead animals. This usually underestimates actual meat, however, and lives on a diet that is typically 85-90% of the bone marrow. It is the only living bird species that specializes in eating in the marrow. The bearded vulture can swallow whole or bite the fragile bone up to the size of a sheep's calf and its strong digestive system quickly dissolves even large pieces. The bearded vultures have learned to break bones that are too large to swallow by carrying them on a flight to a height of 50-150 m (160-490 ft) above the ground and then dropping them onto the rocks below, which crush them into pieces smaller and exposes the nourishing marrow. They can fly with bones up to 10 cm (3.9 inches) in diameter over 4 kg (8.8 pounds), or nearly equal to their own weight. After dropping large bones, shrimp herded herds or sliding down to check them and can repeat the action if the bone is not sufficiently cracked. This learned skill requires extensive training by immature birds and takes up to seven years to master. The old name ossifrage ("bone breaker") relates to this habit. Less frequently, these birds have been observed to try to break bones (usually of medium size) by hammering them with their bills directly to the rocks while perched. During the breeding season they feed primarily on the carcass. They prefer the sheep's feet and other small mammals and they bring food to the nest like other vultures that feed their children with regurgitation.
Living prey is sometimes attacked by bearded vultures, with regularities that may be larger than other vultures. Among them, turtles seem to be well-liked depending on their local abundance. Tortured turtles may be almost as heavy as vultures. When killing a turtle, the bearded herring bird also flies to a certain height and drops them to open the hard shell of large reptiles. Golden eagles have been observed to kill turtles in the same way. Other living animals, close to their own size, have been observed seized with cruelty and dropped in flight. Among these are rock hyraxes, rabbits, guinea pigs and, in one case, monitor lizard length 62 cm (24 inches). Larger animals have been known to be attacked by bearded vultures, including ibex, Capra goats, Chamois and Steenbok. These animals have been killed by the great birds and struck with wings until they fall from the steep rocky edge to their death; although in some cases this is a killing accidentally when both vultures and mammals startled each other. Many large animals are killed by bearded young bearded birds, or have appeared sickly or severely injured. Humans anecdotally reported to have been killed in the same way. However, this has not been confirmed and, if that happens, most biologists who have studied the birds generally agree that it was not intentional on the part of the vulture. Sometimes birds that live on smaller soil, such as wild chickens and pigeons, have been reported to be eaten, probably either as fresh carcasses (which are usually ignored by these birds) or killed by hitting wings by vultures. While feeding for bones or prey while flying, the bearded vulture flies low enough on rocky ground, living about 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 feet). Sometimes, breeding partners may be foraging and hunting together. In the Ethiopian Plateau, bearded vultures have adapted to life from human trash.
Breeding
The bearded slaves occupy a very large area throughout the year. Might eat for more than two square miles each day. Breeding periods vary from December to September in Eurasia, November to June in the Indian subcontinent, October to May in Ethiopia, year-round in eastern Africa and May to January in southern Africa. Although generally solitary, the bonds between breeding pairs are often very close. In some cases, polyandry has been recorded in the species. The territorial and nursery appearance between bearded bears is often spectacular, involving claw, falling and spinning shows when in solo flight. The big birds also regularly lock their feet to each other and fall some distance through the sky with each other. The nest is a large pile of sticks, which lasts from about 1 m (3.3 ft) and a depth of 69 cm (27 inches) when first built up to 2.5 m (8.2 m) and 1 m (3.3 m) ) inside, with cover of various animal material from food, after repeated use. Females typically lay 1 to 2 egg clutches, although 3 have been recorded on rare occasions. which were incubated for 53 to 60 days. After hatching the youths spend 100 to 130 days in the nest before flying. Young ones may depend on parents up to 2 years old, forcing parents to nest in alternate years on a regular basis. Usually, bearded bird nests in caves and at the edge and outcrops of rocks or caves on steep rock walls, so it is very difficult for mammals that precede the nest to access. Bearded beasts have an average age of 21.4 years, but have been observed to live up to at least 45 years in captivity.
Reintroduction in the Alps
In the 18th century the reputation of Bearded vulture got worse because of the story of birds that stole babies and cattle. With the increasing use of firearms and the introduction of slaughter premiums, the Gypaetus population must quickly descend to an endangered level. At the beginning of the 20th century it completely disappeared from the Alps.
In 1970, the first attempt at the reintroduction of vultures occurred in the French Alps. Zoologists Paul Geroudet and Gilbert Amigues are trying to free individuals captured in Afghanistan, although unfortunately, this approach does not work. Vultures are hard to catch, and many die during transport.
A new project was created in 1987 to reintroduce this bird in the Alps. Using a technique called "hacking", young individuals from zoological parks aged 90 to 100 days will be taken from their nests and placed in protected areas in the Alps. While still unable to fly, the chicks are fed by humans until the teenage carcasses learn to fly and are able to reach food without help. With this method, more than 204 Bearded vultures have been released and established in the Alps from 1987 to 2015.
Conservation status
Vulture beards are locally threatened. This naturally occurs at low densities, with anywhere from a dozen to 500 pairs now found in every mountain in Eurasia where species breed. This species is most common in Ethiopia, where an estimated 1,400 to 2,200 are believed to be breeding. A relatively large and healthy number also appears to occur in some parts of the Himalayas. It was largely removed in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, but has been reintroduced locally and begins to rebuild itself in protected areas. The bearded vulture has been successfully reintroduced into the Pyrenees of Spain (spread to Portugal), and Switzerland and the Italian Alps (with both populations spreading to France). They also declined somewhat in parts of Asia and Africa, although less severe than in Europe. Today's decline is usually due to the toxins left behind for carnivores, habitat degradation, nest disturbances, reduced food supply and collisions with power lines. It was previously persecuted in significant numbers because people fear (without justification) that it regularly carries domestic children and animals; The bird is also hunted as a trophy. Despite the decline, this species clearly occupies a large range and, thus, is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List since July 24, 2014. Probably less than 10,000 pairs exist in the wild around the world.
Etymology
This species was first described by Linnaeus in his book Systema naturae in 1758 as Vultur barbatus . The current scientific name means "bearded bearded eagles".
The name Lammergeyer comes from German LÃÆ'¤mmergeier , which means "lamb-vulture". The name comes from the belief that the animal attacked the sheep.
In culture
The bearded herring is considered an endangered species in Iran. Iranian mythology considers a rare bearded herring (Persia: ???, 'Homa') a symbol of luck and happiness. It is believed that if the image of a Homa falls on one, he will ascend to sovereignty and whoever shot the bird will die within forty days. The habit of eating bones and apparently not killing live animals was recorded by Sa'di in Gulistan published in 1258 and Emperor Jahangir had a plant examined in 1625 to find that it was filled with bones.
Ancient Greeks use ornithomancers to guide their political decisions: bearded herds, or ossifragae is one of several species of birds that can produce valid signs for these fortune tellers.
The Greek playwright Aeschylus is said to have been killed in 456 or 455 BC by a turtle dropped by an eagle mistaking his bald head for a rock - if this incident did occur, herringed beard was a possible candidate for "hawks".
In the Bible/Torah, the bearded beard, as ossifrage, is one of the forbidden birds eaten (Lev. 11:13).
More recently, in 1944, Shimon Peres (called Shimon Persky at the time) and David Ben-Gurion invented the bearded beaded bird nest in the Negev desert. The bird is called Hebrew subtitles in Hebrew, and Shimon Persky loves him so much that he adopts it as his last name.
In cryptography
"The Magic Words is Squeamish Ossifrage" is a plaintext solution for the RSA-129 cipher challenge, which first appeared in Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games August 1977 column at Scientific American . It was solved in 1994 in one of the large-scale large-scale, distributed computing projects organized over the internet, using 600 volunteers scattered across 1,600 machines and six months. It started the tradition of using the words "ossifrage squeamish" in the cryptanalytic challenge.
Note
References
External links
- The lammergeier video breaks the bones into small pieces which are then fed on ARKive
- Species Text in South African Atlas of Birds
- Facts and Characteristics: Bearded Vulture in Vulture Territory
- The Lammergeier in Spain
- Cine and photos are working on Vulture Bearded in the Alps
- dietary information
- [1] Bearded Cultivation in Armenia, Armenian Bird Census Council. 2017.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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