Rattan (from rattan ) is the name for about 600 species of old climbing trees belonging to the Calamoideae subfamily (from the Greek 'kÃÆ'¡lamos' = reeds). Rattan is also known as manila , or malacca , named after the delivery port of Manila and Malacca City, and as manau (from rattan manau Malay , the trade name for Calamus manan stick in Southeast Asia). Climbing habits are associated with the characteristics of flexible woody rods, derived usually from secondary growth, making rattan lianas rather than true wood.
Video Rattan
Taxonomy
Calamoideae also includes palm trees such as Raphia ( Raffia ) and Metroxylon (sago palms) and bush palms like Salacca (Salak) (Uhl & amp) ; Dransfield 1987 Genera Palmarum ). The habit of climbing in the palm of the hand is not limited to Calamoideae, but has also evolved in three other evolutionary paths - the Cocoeae (Desmoncus) tribe with c. 7-10 species in the tropics of the New World) and Areceae ( Dypsis scandens in Madagascar) in the subfamily of Arecoideae, and the Hyophorbeae (the climbing species of the great genus Chamaedorea in Central America) in the subfamily Ceroxloideae. They do not have spinning rods and climb through reflex terminal flyers. This is just Desmoncus spp. provides a rod with a good enough quality to be used instead of rattan.
There are 13 different genera of rattan that cover about 600 species. Some species in this "rattan genera" have different habits and do not climb, they are shrubs from the bush; but they are close relatives to the species of climbers and therefore they belong to the same genera. The largest rattan genus is Calamus , distributed in Asia except for one species represented in Africa. Of the remaining rattan genera, Daemonorops, Ceratolobus, Korthalsia, Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis, Myrialepis, Calospatha, Pogonotium and Retispatha, centered in Southeast Asia with eastern and northeastern ejection; and three are endemic in Africa: Laccosperma (syn. Ancistrophyllum ), Eremospatha and Oncocalamus .
Genera rattan and its distribution (Uhl & Dransfield 1987 Genera Palmarum , Dransfield 1992):
In Uhl & amp; Dransfield (1987 Genera Palmarum , 2ºº. 2008), and also Dransfield & amp; Manokaran (1993), many basic introductory information is available.
Available rattan floras and monographs by region (2002):
Using taxon .
The main commercial species of rattan rods identified for Asia by Dransfield and Manokaran (1993) and for Africa, by Tuley (1995) and Sunderland (1999) (Desmoncus are not treated here):
Stem of exploited species: Calamus :
Other traditional uses of rattan by species:
Maps Rattan
Structure
Most rattan is different from the other palm has a slender rod, a diameter of 2-5 cm, with a long segment between the leaves; also, they are not trees but plant-like lions, who scramble past and over other vegetation. Rattan is also superficial similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan rods ("malacca") are solid, and most species require structural support and can not stand on their own. Many rattan have spines that act as hooks to help climb other crops, and to prevent herbivores. Rattan has been known to grow up to hundreds of meters in length. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population is present in Indonesia, distributed among the islands of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa. The rest of the world supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh.
Economic and environmental issues
In forests where rattan grows, its economic value can help protect forest land, by providing an alternative to loggers who ignore logging and harvest rattan instead. Rattan is more easily harvested, requiring a simpler and easier to transport tool. It also grows much faster than most tropical wood. This makes it a potential tool in forest maintenance, as it provides favorable crops that depend on instead of replacing trees. It remains to be seen whether rattan can be profitable or useful as an alternative.
Rattan is threatened with excessive exploitation, because harvesters cut the stems too young and reduce their ability to resprout. Unsustainable cutting of rattan can lead to forest degradation, which affects the overall service of forest ecosystems. Processing can also cause pollution. The use of toxic chemicals and gasoline in the processing of rattan affects the land, air and water resources, as well as on human health. Meanwhile, conventional methods of rattan production threaten the factory's long-term supply, and workers income.
Usage
Furniture Manufacture
Rattan is widely used for making baskets and furniture. When cut into pieces, rattan can be used as wood for making furniture. Rattan receives paint and stains like many other wood types, so it is available in many colors, and can be processed into many styles. Moreover, the inner core can be separated and worked into webbing.
Generally, raw rattan is processed into several products to be used as materials in the manufacture of furniture. Various types of rattan range from several millimeters to 5-7 cm in diameter. From a rattan, the skin is usually peeled off, to be used as a woven rattan material. The remaining "core" of rattan can be used for various purposes in the manufacture of furniture. Rattan is a very good material, mainly because it is lightweight, durable, suitable for outdoor use, and, to some extent, flexible.
Clothing
Traditionally, women of the Watu Pulau Seram ethnic group, Indonesia wear rattan belts around their waist.
Physical punishment
Thin rattan sticks are standard tools for the physical punishment of schools in England and Wales, and are still used for this purpose in schools in Malaysia, Singapore, and some African countries. A similar stick is used for military punishment in the Singapore Armed Forces. Heavier canes, as well as rattan, are used for judicial judicial punishment, called "whips", in Aceh, Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Food source
Some rattan can be eaten, with a sour taste similar to oranges. The fruits of some rattan emit a red resin called dragon's blood; This resin is thought to have medicinal properties in ancient times and is used as a dye for violins, among others. Resins usually produce wood with a light peach color. In the state of Assam in India, shoots are also used as vegetables.
Medical potential
In early 2010, scientists in Italy announced that rattan wood would be used in a new "wood-to-bone" process for artificial bone production. The process takes small pieces of rattan and places it in a furnace. Calcium and carbon are added. The wood is then heated further under intense pressure in the machine like any other oven, and the phosphate solution is introduced. This process produces almost the exact bone replica. The process takes about 10 days. By the time the bone announcement is being tested on sheep, and there are no signs of rejection. Particles of sheep's body have migrated to the "wood bone" and form long and sustainable bones. The new bone-of-timber program is funded by the European Union. Implants to humans are anticipated to begin in 2015.
Axis
Rattan is the preferred natural material used for the essential oil axis in diffusers of reed aroma (commonly used in aromatherapy, or only for aroma cabinets, hallways, and chambers), because each reed rattan contains 20 or more permeable channels of oil axis of raised container rod and release fragrance into the air, through the evaporation diffusion process. In contrast, reeds made of bamboo contain lumps that block the course of essential oils.
Crafts and arts
Many of the rattan properties that make it suitable for furniture also make it a popular choice for crafts and artwork. Uses include rattan baskets, container plants, and other decorative work.
Due to its durability and resistance to flakes, rattan parts can be used as sticks, criminals for upscale umbrellas, or paran for martial arts. The 70cm long rattan cane, called baston, is used in Filipino martial arts, especially Arnis/Eskrima/Kali and for the United States's "armored fighting" armaments in United States "Creative Anachronisms".
Along with birch and bamboo, rattan is a common material used for grip on percussion hammers, especially hammers for keyboard percussion, for example. , marimba, vibraphone, gambang, etc.
Shelter
Most indigenous people or locals from rattan-rich countries use the help of this sturdy factory in their home construction project. It is widely used as a housing material in rural areas. Plant or wood leather is mainly used for weaving.
Sports equipment
Cane rattan is also used traditionally to make polo hammers, although only a small portion of sugar cane is harvested (about 3%) strong, flexible, and durable enough to be made into polo stick hammers, and the popularity of rattan hammers is diminishing. more modern variants, fibrecanes.
References
Further reading
- Siebert, Stephen F. (2012). Nature and Culture of Rattan: Reflections on the Loss of Life in the Forests of Southeast Asia . University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3536-1.
External links
- Ã, "Rattan". Encyclopedia Americana . 1920.
- Ã, "Rattan". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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